Electrical stimulation device and method for the treatment of neurological disorders

ABSTRACT

An electrical stimulation system and method for the treatment of neurological disorders is disclosed. In a preferred embodiment, the electrical stimulation system includes channels of electrodes positioned in electrical contact with tissue of a neuromuscular target body region of a patient to provide pattered neuromuscular stimulation to the patient&#39;s musculature. In addition, at least one electrode from a channel is positioned in electrical contact with a tissue of the motor control region of the brain. A series of patterned electrical pulses are then applied to the patient through the channels to provide peripheral neuromuscular stimulation, and a direct current is applied transcranially to the brain. Various exemplary embodiments of the invention are disclosed.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

Not applicable.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

Not applicable.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is generally directed to the treatment ofneurological disorders, and is more specifically directed to anelectrical stimulation device and method for applying electricalstimulation, preferably pattered electrical pulses, to one or morechannels of electrodes or bifurcated electrodes in accordance with aprocedure for treating the neurological disorder along with transcranialelectrical stimulation of the brain.

DESCRIPTION OF RELATED ART

There are multiple forms of surface and percutaneous neuromuscularelectrical stimulation available for treatment of neurologicalconditions. One form is patterned neuromuscular stimulation thatattempts to replicate the activation patterns of nerves, muscles and thecentral nervous system including the spine and the brain. These patternscan be created by a plurality of energy input configurations thatultimately produce muscle and nerve activation. The above devicestypically produce transient or brief activation bursts which arerepeated for a longer period of time.

Direct current stimulation has been shown to be well tolerated inapplications to the brain through the skull or cranium. It is describedas transcranial direct current stimulation and is accomplished bymultiple devices that generate continuous low current ion flow throughthe skull into the brain tissue. Other forms of brain stimulationinvolve creating holes in the skull and implanting a variety of energytransmitters.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to an electrical stimulation systemand method for the treatment of neurological disorders. The systemcombines both neuromuscular electrical stimulation to target bodyregions and transcranial direct current stimulation in a singletreatment regime.

In one aspect, the electrical stimulation system comprises (1) aneuromuscular stimulator adapted to stimulate the sensory and motornerves of the patient's musculature, such as the muscles of the face,trunk, lower extremities, or upper extremities of the patient combinedwith (2) a transcranial stimulator adapted to stimulate the regions ofthe brain associated with sensation and motor control of the patient'smusculature. The neuromuscular stimulator and the transcranialstimulator may be contained in a single device or may be separatedevices operated by one or more electronic control units.

In another aspect, the electrical stimulation system comprises aneuromuscular simulator having at least one electronic control unitconnected to channels of electrodes, such as transcutaneous orpercutaneous electrodes. Each channel comprises two electrodes (i.e., arelative positive electrode and a relative negative electrode). Theelectrodes of a first channel are positioned in electrical contact withtissue of a target region of the patient to stimulate one or moremuscles associated with or afflicted by a neurological disorder. Theelectrodes of a second channel are positioned in electrical contact withtissue that is also associated with or afflicted by the neurologicaldisorder. In many instances, the electrodes of the first and secondchannels are positioned bilaterally or in electrical contact with thetissue of agonist/antagonist pairs of muscles of the patient. Theelectronic control unit applies a series of patterned electrical pulsesto the patient through the channels of electrodes in accordance with aprocedure for treating the neurological disorder.

In addition, the electrical stimulation system comprises electrodes of athird channel and optional fourth channel positioned in electricalcontact with the patient's cranium. The electronic control unit (or anelectronic control unit in a separate device) applies a transcranialdirect current to select areas of the patient's brain through theelectrodes in accordance with a procedure for treating the neurologicaldisorder. Typically, the positive electrodes of the third channel andoptional fourth channel are placed over the brain region associated withcontrol of the target muscles (e.g. the facial muscles, lowerextremities, upper extremities, trunk, etc.) and related brain sensoryregion, and the negative electrode of the third and optional fourthchannel may be placed in a neutral position. For example, the negativeelectrode may be placed contralaterally over the brain region associatedwith control of the target muscles(s) on the opposite side of thecranium, which may result in inhibition (not stimulation) of that brainregion. Alternatively, the negative electrode may be placed on theprefrontal cortex (i.e., the forehead) or on the patient's oppositeshoulder/neck region as the neutral position.

The electrical stimulation system of the present invention is welladapted to rehabilitate and treat the motor control of the major musclesthe body, including but not limited to the major muscles of the face,neck, shoulder, back, trunk, arm, forearm, wrist, hand, hip, thigh,lower leg, ankle, and foot.

In a further aspect, the electrical stimulation system and method of thepresent invention may be used to enhance performance in otherwise normalor uninjured individuals, thus for example to enhance athleticperformance.

In yet another aspect, the patient's musculature and brain motor-sensoryregions are preferably stimulated in a manner that facilitates movementof the target muscles with limited or no pain in the patient.

Typically, the patient is treated with the electrical simulation systemfor between ten minutes and two hours, most preferably between 20minutes and one hour, and still more preferably for about 20 to 40minutes. Treatment sessions can be repeated as needed.

In one aspect, the neuromuscular patterned stimulation is performed atthe same time that the transcranial direct current stimulation isperformed on the patient. In another aspect, the method of treatmentcomprises an initial period of transcranial direct current stimulationonly, typically 5, 10, 15, 20, or 30 minutes of constant or pulseddirect current stimulation, followed by simultaneous neuromuscularstimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation. In yet afurther aspect, method of treatment comprises an initial period ofneuromuscular stimulation only, typically 5, 10, 15, 20, or 30 minutes,followed by simultaneous neuromuscular stimulation and transcranialdirect current stimulation.

It is envisioned that the transcranial direct current stimulation lowersthe threshold of brain activation and will permit peripheral stimulationto be more effective in the functional reorganization of the brain andits response to stimuli from peripheral activation. Peripheralstimulation activates muscles and nerves. These peripheral nerves sendsensory information back to the brain's somatosensory motor centers,activating central patterns or circuit reflexes in the brain.

Patterned Electrical Neuromuscular Stimulation (“PENS”)

As discussed above, the present invention is directed to an electricalstimulation system and method which comprises a neuromuscular stimulatorhaving a plurality of channels adapted to stimulate the motor andsensory nerves of the patient's musculature, such as the muscles of theface, trunk, lower extremities, or upper extremities of the patient.

The series of electrical pulses (which can be created from a variety ofpulse or wave generators) applied to the channels may comprise a varietyof different types of pulse train patterns. For example, a plurality ofcycles of a biphasic sequential or overlapping pulse train pattern maybe used, in which a first phase of electrical pulses is applied to afirst channel of electrodes and a second phase of electrical pulses isapplied to a second channel of electrodes. Using the biphasic sequentialpulse train pattern, the second phase of electrical pulses commencesafter termination of the first phase of electrical pulses such thatthere is a time delay therebetween. Using the biphasic overlapping pulsetrain pattern, the second phase of electrical pulses commencessimultaneous with or before termination of the first phase of electricalpulses such that there is an overlap therebetween.

In another example, a plurality of cycles of a triphasic sequential oroverlapping pulse train pattern may be used, in which a first phase ofelectrical pulses is applied to a first channel of electrodes, a secondphase of electrical pulses is applied to a second channel of electrodes,and a third phase of electrical pulses is applied to the first channelof electrodes. Using the triphasic sequential pulse train pattern, thesecond phase of electrical pulses commences after termination of thefirst phase of electrical pulses such that there is a time delaytherebetween and, similarly, the third phase of electrical pulsescommences after termination of the second phase of electrical pulsessuch that there is a time delay therebetween. Using the triphasicoverlapping pulse train pattern, the second phase of electrical pulsescommences simultaneous with or before termination of the first phase ofelectrical pulses such that there is an overlap therebetween and,similarly, the third phase of electrical pulses commences beforetermination of the second phase of electrical pulses such that there isan overlap therebetween. Furthermore, the biphasic or triphasic pulsetrain patterns can be coupled or paired together, creating four, five,or six phases grouped together.

In yet another example, the series of electrical pulses comprises afunctional pulse train pattern applied to one or more channels ofelectrodes. In this example, the pulse train pattern attempts to mimicthe electrical sequencing of particular muscles involved during normalfunctioning activity. Examples would include, but are not limited to,the dorsiflexion and eversion of the ankle typically accomplished duringwalking; extending, flexing, and opposing the fingers to assist ingripping or holding objects.

In a further example, the series of electrical pulses comprises alow-frequency pulse train pattern applied to one or more channels ofelectrodes, wherein the individual electrical pulses are generated at afrequency of between 4 Hz and 200 Hz to selectively generate therelative selective production neurotransmitters and modulators(endorphins, dynorphins, enkephalin, and serotonin, etc.) based on thefrequency selected. Stimulation at specific frequencies is believed tohave beneficial effects in the treatment of the neurological disordersdue to the normalization of hyperactive sensory centers (which play arole in the re-education of the central pattern generators) ortriggering descending inhibition to reduce overactive muscle tone and/orspasticity. The use of a single frequency of stimulation may be mosteffective in targeting a single mechanism of inhibition that may bedysfunctional.

Alternatively, a frequency-sequenced pulse burst train pattern may beapplied to one or more channels of electrodes, wherein differentsequences of modulated electrical pulses are generated at differentburst frequencies. Preferably, the different burst frequencies areselected so as to generate the simultaneous production of endorphins,dynorphins, enkephalin, and serotonin during each of the respectivesequences, which is believed to have beneficial effects in the treatmentof neurological disorders due to the normalization of hyperactivesensory inputs (which play a role in the re-education of the centralpattern generators) or triggering descending inhibition to reduceoveractive muscle tone and/or spasticity. The combined effect of thegeneration of multiple inhibitory or excitatory neurotransmitters mayprovide a more powerful effect than a single neurotransmitter for use inmore difficult cases or as a more generalized approach as compared tothe single frequency method.

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

As discussed above, the present invention is directed to an electricalstimulation system and method which comprises a transcranial directcurrent stimulator having a one or more channels of electrodes adaptedto stimulate the somatosensory and motor control regions of the brain.

The transcranial direct current stimulation may be constant, pulsed,modulated, or interferential. In one aspect, the direct current is aconstant current or constant voltage or combination thereof. In anotheraspect, the direct current comprises a series of electrical pulses at amid-frequency pattern applied to one or more channels of electrodes,wherein the individual electrical pulses are generated at a carrierfrequency. The simulation may be a constant current, constant voltage,or combination thereof. In still another aspect, the direct current is afrequency-sequenced pulse burst train pattern, wherein differentsequences of modulated electrical pulses are generated at differentburst frequencies.

In one aspect, the transcranial direct current stimulation is appliedbefore the neuromuscular patterned electrical stimulation as apre-conditioning step. The preconditioning step usually lasts for lessthan 500 milliseconds, and preferably less than 300 milliseconds, priorto the activation of the first channel of peripheral stimulation.

The electrical stimulation methods of the present invention may also becombined with the administration of therapeutically effective amounts ofvarious pharmaceuticals useful for treating neurological disorders, suchas dopamine uptake inhibitors, norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors,selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, monoamine oxidase inhibitors,serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors, norepinephrine uptakeinhibitors, dopamine agonists, acetocholinesterase inhibitors, catecholO-methyltransferase inhibitors, and anticholinergic agents. Antioxidantscan also be used with other neuroprotective agents as adjuncts totranscranial stimulation.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present invention will be described in greater detail in thefollowing detailed description of the invention with reference to theaccompanying drawings that form a part hereof, in which:

FIG. 1A is a block diagram of a neuromuscular electrical stimulationdevice that may be used in accordance with the electrical stimulationsystem and method of the present invention.

FIG. 1B is a block diagram of a transcranial direct current electricalstimulation device that may be used in accordance with the electricalstimulation system and method of the present invention.

FIG. 2A is a timing diagram of a biphasic sequential pulse train patternthat may be applied to the output channels of the neuromuscularelectrical stimulation device of FIG. 1.

FIG. 2B is a timing diagram of a biphasic overlapping pulse trainpattern that may be applied to the output channels of the neuromuscularelectrical stimulation device of FIG. 1.

FIG. 2C is a timing diagram of a triphasic sequential pulse trainpattern that may be applied to the output channels of the neuromuscularelectrical stimulation device of FIG. 1.

FIG. 2D is a timing diagram of a triphasic overlapping pulse trainpattern that may be applied to the output channels of the neuromuscularelectrical stimulation device of FIG. 1.

FIG. 2E is a timing diagram of a low-frequency pulse train pattern thatmay be applied to the output channels of the neuromuscular electricalstimulation device of FIG. 1.

FIG. 2F is a timing diagram of a first frequency-sequenced pulse bursttrain pattern that may be applied to the output channels of theneuromuscular electrical stimulation device of FIG. 1.

FIG. 2G is a timing diagram of a second frequency-sequenced pulse bursttrain pattern that may be applied to the output channels of theneuromuscular electrical stimulation device of FIG. 1.

FIG. 2H is a timing diagram of a third frequency-sequenced pulse bursttrain pattern that may be applied to the output channels of theneuromuscular electrical stimulation device of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3A illustrates a method for treating a neurological disorder in apatient by applying neuromuscular electrical stimulation in accordancewith a first exemplary embodiment of the present invention, in which thefacial muscles (e.g. the masseter and/or pterygoid and buccinator and/orobicularis oris muscles) of the patient are stimulated. Theneuromuscular electrical stimulation is combined with transcranialdirect current electrical stimulation as generally illustrated in FIG.4.

FIG. 3B illustrates a method for treating a neurological disorder in apatient by applying neuromuscular electrical stimulation in accordancewith a second exemplary embodiment of the present invention, in whichthe facial muscles (e.g. the buccinator and/or obicularis oris andmasseter muscles) and the tongue and/or pharynx of the patient arestimulated. The neuromuscular electrical stimulation is combined withtranscranial direct current electrical stimulation as generallyillustrated in FIG. 4.

FIG. 3C (top panel) illustrates a method for treating a neurologicaldisorder in a patient by applying neuromuscular electrical stimulationin accordance with a second exemplary embodiment of the presentinvention, in which the facial muscles (e.g., the buccinator and/orobicularis oris muscles) and the cervical paraspinal muscles of thepatient are stimulated. The neuromuscular electrical stimulation iscombined with transcranial direct current electrical stimulation asgenerally illustrated in FIG. 4.

FIG. 3C (lower panel) illustrates a method for treating a neurologicaldisorder in a patient by applying neuromuscular electrical stimulationin accordance with a third exemplary embodiment of the presentinvention, in which the facial muscles (e.g. masseter and/or pterygoidmuscles) and the cervical paraspinal muscles of the patient arestimulated. The neuromuscular electrical stimulation is combined withtranscranial direct current electrical stimulation as generallyillustrated in FIG. 4.

FIG. 3D illustrates a method for treating a neurological disorder in apatient by applying neuromuscular electrical stimulation in accordancewith a fourth exemplary embodiment of the present invention, in whichthe trapezius muscles and the cervical paraspinal muscles of the patientare stimulated. The neuromuscular electrical stimulation is combinedwith transcranial direct current electrical stimulation as generallyillustrated in FIG. 4.

FIG. 3E illustrates a method for treating a neurological disorder in apatient by applying neuromuscular electrical stimulation in accordancewith a fifth exemplary embodiment of the present invention, in which thecervical paraspinal and thoracic paraspinal muscles of the patient arestimulated. The neuromuscular electrical stimulation is combined withtranscranial direct current electrical stimulation as generallyillustrated in FIG. 4.

FIG. 3F illustrates a method for treating a neurological disorder in apatient by applying neuromuscular electrical stimulation in accordancewith a sixth exemplary embodiment of the present invention, in which thelower cervical/upper thoracic paraspinal and mid to lower thoracicparaspinal muscles of the patient are stimulated. The neuromuscularelectrical stimulation is combined with transcranial direct currentelectrical stimulation as generally illustrated in FIG. 4.

FIG. 3G illustrates a method for treating a neurological disorder in apatient by applying neuromuscular electrical stimulation in accordancewith a seventh exemplary embodiment of the present invention, in whichthe lumbar paraspinal muscles and abdominal muscles of the patient arestimulated. The neuromuscular electrical stimulation is combined withtranscranial direct current electrical stimulation as generallyillustrated in FIG. 4. This embodiment is particularly useful inpromoting lumbar stabilization in a patient.

FIG. 3H illustrates a method for treating a neurological disorder in apatient by applying neuromuscular electrical stimulation in accordancewith an eighth exemplary embodiment of the present invention, in whichthe thoracic and/or lumbar paraspinal muscles and abdominal muscles ofthe patient are stimulated. The neuromuscular electrical stimulation iscombined with transcranial direct current electrical stimulation asgenerally illustrated in FIG. 4. This embodiment is particularly usefulin promoting trunk flexion/extension in a patient.

FIG. 3I illustrates a method for treating a neurological disorder in apatient by applying neuromuscular electrical stimulation in accordancewith a ninth exemplary embodiment of the present invention, in which thebiceps brachii and triceps brachii muscles of the patient arestimulated. The neuromuscular electrical stimulation is combined withtranscranial direct current electrical stimulation as generallyillustrated in FIG. 4. This embodiment is particularly useful inpromoting arm flexion/extension in a patient.

FIG. 3J illustrates a method for treating a neurological disorder in apatient by applying neuromuscular electrical stimulation in accordancewith a tenth exemplary embodiment of the present invention, in which themuscles associated with shoulder internal and external rotation arestimulated. The neuromuscular electrical stimulation is combined withtranscranial direct current electrical stimulation as generallyillustrated in FIG. 4.

FIG. 3K illustrates a method for treating a neurological disorder in apatient by applying neuromuscular electrical stimulation in accordancewith an eleventh exemplary embodiment of the present invention, in whichthe muscles associated with shoulder flexion and extension arestimulated. The neuromuscular electrical stimulation is combined withtranscranial direct current electrical stimulation as generallyillustrated in FIG. 4.

FIG. 3L illustrates a method for treating a neurological disorder in apatient by applying neuromuscular electrical stimulation in accordancewith a twelfth exemplary embodiment of the present invention, in whichthe muscles associated with wrist and finger flexion and extension arestimulated. The neuromuscular electrical stimulation is combined withtranscranial direct current electrical stimulation as generallyillustrated in FIG. 4.

FIG. 3M illustrates a method for treating a neurological disorder in apatient by applying neuromuscular electrical stimulation in accordancewith a thirteenth exemplary embodiment of the present invention, inwhich the muscles associated with upper extremity motor control arestimulated. The neuromuscular electrical stimulation is combined withtranscranial direct current electrical stimulation as generallyillustrated in FIG. 4.

FIG. 3N illustrates a method for treating a neurological disorder in apatient by applying neuromuscular electrical stimulation in accordancewith a fourteenth exemplary embodiment of the present invention, inwhich the triceps brachii muscles are stimulated during a physicalactivity, such as cycling. The neuromuscular electrical stimulation iscombined with transcranial direct current electrical stimulation asgenerally illustrated in FIG. 4.

FIG. 3O illustrates a method for treating a neurological disorder in apatient by applying neuromuscular electrical stimulation in accordancewith a fifteenth exemplary embodiment of the present invention, in whichthe muscles associated with scapular abduction and upward rotation arestimulated. The neuromuscular electrical stimulation is combined withtranscranial direct current electrical stimulation as generallyillustrated in FIG. 4.

FIG. 3P illustrates a method for treating a neurological disorder in apatient by applying neuromuscular electrical stimulation in accordancewith a sixteenth exemplary embodiment of the present invention, in whichthe muscles of the upper extremity are stimulated, such as the firstdorsal interosseous or hand intrinsic muscles, the muscles in proximityto the elbow (such as the extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis attheir origin near the elbow, including the radial nerve), the posteriorshoulder muscles, and the cervical paraspinal muscles are stimulated.The neuromuscular electrical stimulation is combined with transcranialdirect current electrical stimulation as generally illustrated in FIG.4.

FIG. 3Q illustrates a method for treating a neurological disorder in apatient by applying neuromuscular electrical stimulation in accordancewith a seventeenth exemplary embodiment of the present invention, inwhich the muscles of the lower extremity are stimulated, including butnot limited to the muscles associated with the knee (e.g., vastusmedialis muscle), leg (e.g., proximal anterior tibialis and distalperoneal muscles), and and/or foot (e.g., extensor digitorum brevismuscle). The neuromuscular electrical stimulation is combined withtranscranial direct current electrical stimulation as generallyillustrated in FIG. 4.

FIG. 3R illustrates a method for treating a neurological disorder in apatient by applying neuromuscular electrical stimulation in accordancewith an eighteenth exemplary embodiment of the present invention, inwhich the muscles associated with toe extension/flexion as well asinversion/eversion are stimulated. The neuromuscular electricalstimulation is combined with transcranial direct current electricalstimulation as generally illustrated in FIG. 4.

FIG. 3S illustrates a method for treating a neurological disorder in apatient by applying neuromuscular electrical stimulation in accordancewith a nineteenth exemplary embodiment of the present invention, inwhich the muscles associated with ankle dorsiflexion/eversion andplantar flexion/eversion are stimulated. The neuromuscular electricalstimulation is combined with transcranial direct current electricalstimulation as generally illustrated in FIG. 4.

FIG. 3T illustrates a method for treating a neurological disorder in apatient by applying neuromuscular electrical stimulation in accordancewith a twentieth exemplary embodiment of the present invention, in whichthe muscles associated with movement of the lower extremities arestimulated. The neuromuscular electrical stimulation is combined withtranscranial direct current electrical stimulation as generallyillustrated in FIG. 4.

FIG. 3U illustrates a method for treating a neurological disorder in apatient by applying neuromuscular electrical stimulation in accordancewith a twenty-first exemplary embodiment of the present invention, inwhich the muscles associated with hip abduction/adduction/extension andknee extension/flexion are stimulated. The neuromuscular electricalstimulation is combined with transcranial direct current electricalstimulation as generally illustrated in FIG. 4.

FIG. 3V illustrates a method for treating a neurological disorder in apatient by applying neuromuscular electrical stimulation in accordancewith a twenty-second exemplary embodiment of the present invention, inwhich the muscles associated with knee flexion and extension arestimulated. The neuromuscular electrical stimulation is combined withtranscranial direct current electrical stimulation as generallyillustrated in FIG. 4.

FIG. 3W illustrates a method for treating a neurological disorder in apatient by applying neuromuscular electrical stimulation in accordancewith a twenty-third exemplary embodiment of the present invention, inwhich the muscles associated with bilateral knee extension arestimulated. The neuromuscular electrical stimulation is combined withtranscranial direct current electrical stimulation as generallyillustrated in FIG. 4.

FIG. 4A illustrates a method for treating a neurological disorder in apatient by applying transcranial direct current electrical stimulationto the patient, in which the somatosensory and motor control region ofthe facial musculature, lower extremity musculature, or upper extremitymusculature are stimulated. The top panel is a lateral view of thepatient, and the bottom panel is a frontal view of the patient. Thetranscranial direct current stimulation is combined with neuromuscularelectrical stimulation as generally illustrated in FIGS. 3A-3W.

FIGS. 4B-C illustrates three alternative electrode placements for thetranscranial stimulation shown in FIG. 4A. In both FIGS. 4B and 4C, thepositive electrode 118 a is placed over the somatosensory and motorcontrol region of the brain associated with the target muscle. In FIG.4B, the negative electrode 118 b is then placed contralaterally to thepositive electrode 118 a, and in FIG. 4C, the negative electrode isplaced over the prefrontal cortex or on the patient's neck or shoulderregion.

FIG. 4D illustrates two alternative embodiments for electrode placementsfor the bilateral transcranial direct current stimulation of a patient.In FIG. 4D, the positive electrodes 118 a and 120 a are placedcontralaterally to each over the somatosensory and motor control regionsof the brain. The negative electrodes 118 b and 120 b are then placedcontralaterally to each other on the same side as their correspondingpositive electrodes 118 a, 120 a over the prefrontal cortex (top panel)or on the patient's shoulder (bottom panel).

FIG. 4E illustrates two alternative embodiments for electrode placementsfor the interferential transcranial direct current stimulation of apatient. In FIG. 4E, the positive electrodes 118 a and 120 a are placedcontralaterally to each over the same somatosensory and motor controlregions of the brain. The negative electrodes 118 b and 120 b are thenplaced contralaterally to each other on the opposite side of theprefrontal cortex (top panel) or the patient's shoulder (lower panel)compared to their corresponding positive electrodes 118 a, 120 a.

In FIG. 4E, the electrodes are crossed to form an interferentialcurrent. As each channel of direct or pulsed direct current iselectrically isolated from each other, when the electrodes are placed insuch a manner that the fields intersect, new fields are created in thedeep tissue from the summation of the two or more fields. These fieldsare the vector sum of the two fields and allow the signal to be steeredto selective areas of the deeper tissue in the brain that would nototherwise be accessible from surface stimulation, such as the lowerextremity somatosensory and motor control sites. The polarity of thesummation or vector field in the deep brain tissue is dependent on thepolarity of the superficial electrode placement. This approach uniquelyallows stimulation or inhibition of deep brain structures based on thepolarity of the direct or pulsed direct current field. If the pulseddirect current is of a sufficient frequency it can overcome the tissueimpedance and capacitively couple through the skull more efficientlythan a straight direct current field, although both will cause summationvectors in the deep brain tissue.

FIG. 5 illustrates the timing diagram of the transcranial direct currentstimulation. In FIG. 5A, a constant direct current is applied to thepatient. In FIG. 5B, a repetitive monopolar pulse train is applied at asuitable carrier frequency. FIG. 5C is a timing diagram of a monopolarburst modulated pulse train pattern that may be applied to the outputchannels of the transcranial electrical stimulation device of FIG. 1B.

FIG. 6 is a timing diagram of an exemplary electrical stimulation systemin accordance with the present invention. The top two panels illustratean exemplary timing diagram for the neuromuscular stimulation, while thebottom two panels illustrate alternative exemplary timing diagrams forthe transcranial direct current stimulation.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to an electrical stimulation systemand method for the treatment of neurological disorders.

As used herein, the term “administration” refers to a method of givingan agent to a patient, where the method is, e.g., topical, oral,intravenous, transdermal, intraperitoneal, or intramuscular. Thepreferred method of administration can vary depending on variousfactors, e.g., the components of the pharmaceutical composition.

As used herein, “concurrent administration,” “co-administration,” or“co-treatment” includes administration of the agents together, or beforeor after each other. The therapeutic agents co-administered with theelectrical stimulation treatment methods may be administered by the sameor different routes.

As used herein, the term “electrical stimulation” refers to the passingof various types of current to a patient through transcutaneous orpercutaneous electrodes, and includes indirect nerve and/or muscleactivation by stimulation of the nerves innervating the sensor(cutaneous and position sensors) and muscle fibers associated withcentral pattern generator inputs or inhibitory mechanism and stimulationof motor efferent fibers which activate the muscles in the targetregion.

Examples of the types of electrical stimulation that may be usedinclude, but are not limited to, Patterned Electrical NeuromuscularStimulation (“PENS”), Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation(“TENS”), Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (“NMES”), andInterferential Current (“IFC”), Percutaneous Electrical MuscleStimulation (“PEMS”), Percutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation(“PENS”), pulsed magnetic field neuromuscular depolarization systems,functional electrical stimulation (“FES”), and electroacupuncture, whichmay use alternating or modulated alternating current waveforms,asymmetrical or symmetrical biphasic pulsed current waveforms, andmonophasic pulsed current waveforms, or sine wave modulation. Of course,one skilled in the art will appreciate that other types of electricalstimulation may also be used in accordance with the present invention.

As used herein, the term “direct current” refers to an electric currentwhich flows in one direction only through a circuit or equipmentcreating a net ion flow. The term “direct current” includes bothconstant (continuous) and pulsed (interrupted) direct current. Theassociated direct current, in contrast to alternating current, is ofunchanging polarity. Direct current corresponds to a drift ordisplacement of electric charge in one unvarying direction around theclosed loop or loops of an electric circuit. The polarity may bereversed from time to time; however, net ion flow must be created.Direct currents and voltages may be of constant magnitude or may varywith time.

As used herein, the term “motor cortex” refers to the primary motorcortex (or M1) and optionally the secondary motor cortices, such as theposterior parietal cortex, the premotor cortex, and the supplementalmotor area.

As used herein, the term “somatosensory cortex” refers to the lateralpostcentral gyrus and is roughly the same as Brodmann areas 3, 1, and 2.

As used herein, the term “motor point” refers to an area of tissue thatcan be electrically stimulated by lower levels of electricity comparedto surrounding areas. The motor point overlies the innervation zone of amuscle where the motor nerve endings are concentrated or where the nervetrunk enters the muscle. The motor point is often used as a placementsite for surface electrodes used to stimulate the muscle. In thefollowing embodiments, motor points of the muscles are preferablystimulated.

As used herein, the term “neurological disorder” refers to strokes,traumatic brain injury, cerebral palsy, dystonias, hydrocephalus,toxicity, inflammation, muscular dystrophies, motor neuron diseases,inflammatory myopathies, neuromuscular junction disorders, peripheralnerve disorders, as well as neurodegenerative disorders such as,multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease and other neurologicalconditions resulting in a reduction of motor function. Examples of motorneuron diseases include, but are not limited to, adult spinal muscularatrophy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or Lou Gehrig's Disease,infantile progressive spinal muscular atrophy or SMA Type 1 orWerdnig-Hoffman, intermediate spinal muscular atrophy or SMA Type 2,juvenile spinal muscular atrophy or SMA Type 3 or Kugelberg-Welander,spinal bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) or Kennedy's Disease, or X-linkedSBMA. Examples of neuromuscular junction diseases include, but are notlimited to, myasthenia gravis, Lambert-Eaton Syndrome, and congenitalmyasthenic syndrome. Examples of peripheral nerve disorders include, butare not limited to, Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease or peroneal muscularatrophy, Dejerine-Sottas Disease, and Friedreich's Ataxia. Othermyopathies include myotonia congenita or Thomsen's and Becker's Disease,paramyotonia congenita, central core disease, periodic paralysis (PP)hypokalemic and hyperkalemic, endocrine myopathies, and mitochondrialmyopathies.

The term “stroke” refers to the multitude of subcategories ofcebrovascular diseases including thrombotic or embolic infarction aswell as intracerebral hemorrhage from a vascular or post operativenature.

In a preferred aspect, the present invention is used in the treatment ofneurological disorders following stroke. Stroke is the second mostcommon cause of death and the leading cause of adult disability in theUnited States today. 700,000 strokes occur each year in the United Satesleaving 500,000 survivors with residual disability. Forty percent ofthese survivors have moderate impairment and functional limitationrelated to motor function and basic mobility while 15-30% are severelydisabled. Patients with intact cortical function have an advantage whenit comes to brain plasticity during the functional reorganization thatoccurs following stroke. Patients with hemorrhagic strokes or lefthemiparesis (right hemispheric lesion) are believed to have greatermotor impairment and poorer prognosis for recovery of motor functionthan patients with ischemic strokes or right hemiparesis (lefthemispheric lesions).

As used herein, the term “neutral” in the context of an electrode meansthat the stimulation at that region will not cause a significantphysical or neurological change. Typically, this means than the region(e.g. the forehead, neck, or shoulder) receives less than 0.015 amps persquare centimeter of current.

The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable” is employed herein to refer tothose compounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms which are,within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contactwith the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity,irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication,commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.

The phrase “therapeutically effective amount” as used herein, means thatamount of an active agent which, alone or in combination with otherdrugs, provides a therapeutic benefit in the prevention, treatment, ormanagement a neurological disorder. Different therapeutically effectiveamounts may be applicable for each disorder, as will be readily known bythose of ordinary skill in the art.

As used herein, the term “tissue” refers to an aggregation ofmorphologically similar cells and associated intercellular matter actingtogether to perform one or more specific functions in the body,including epithelial, connective, muscle, and neural tissue.

As used herein, the term “treatment” refers to the treatment of aneurological disorder in a patient, such as a mammal (particularly ahuman), which includes preventing, ameliorating, suppressing, oralleviating one or more of the symptoms of the neurological disorder.

As used herein, the term “agonist muscle” broadly refers to a musclethat is resisted or counteracted by another muscle, the “antagonistmuscle.” Examples of antagonist muscle pairs includeabductors/adductors, flexors/extensors, supinators/pronators,protractors/retractors, and evertors/invertors.

As used herein, the term “abductors” refers to muscles that generallycause movement away from the body centerline while “adductors” aremuscles that generally cause movement toward the body centerline.

As used herein, the term “flexors” refers to muscles that generallyreduce the angle of a joint, while the “extensors” reduce the angle ofthe joint. For example, both the flexor carpi radialis and flexor carpiulnaris are both flexors of the wrist. The extensor carpi radialislongus, in conjunction with extensor carpi radialis brevis, is anextensor of the wrist.

As used herein, the term “pronator” refers to a muscle that causes themovement of the wrist from the palm facing front to the palm facingback. The opposing movement, which turns the palm forward, is directedby a “supinator.”

As used herein, the term “protractor” refers to a muscle that moves apart of the body anteriorly in the horizontal plan while a “retractor”is involved in the reverse movement.

As used herein, the term “evertor” refers to a muscle involved in thetwisting motion of the foot that turns the sole outward while theopposite movement of turning the sole inward is performed by an“inverter” muscle.

Referring to FIG. 1, an exemplary embodiment of an electricalstimulation system that may be used in accordance with the method of thepresent invention. The electrical stimulation system comprises aneuromuscular stimulation device 10 and a transcranial electricalstimulation device 100. It will be appreciated to those skilled in theart that while the neuromuscular simulation device 10 and transcranialelectrical stimulation device 100 may be combined in to a single deviceoperated by a single electronic control unit. However, for simplicity,separate devices will be described herein.

Neuromuscular Stimulation Device

As shown in FIG. 1A, the neuromuscular stimulation device is designatedgenerally as reference numeral 10. The neuromuscular electricalstimulation device 10 generally comprises an electronic control unit 12with a plurality of output connectors 14, 16, which are connected to aplurality of output cables 18, 20 and associated electrode pairs 18 a,18 b, and 20 a, 20 b, respectively. Although two output connectors 14,16 are shown in FIG. 1A, it should be understood that electronic controlunit 12 may include any number of output connectors (such as one, two,six, or eight output connectors) in accordance with the presentinvention. In addition, one or more of the cables may be bifurcated intomultiple (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6) electrodes.

Output cables 18, 20 each comprise any suitable type of insulatedconductive cable, such as a coaxial cable. In the illustratedembodiment, output cable 18 includes a back section 22 with a connector24 (such as a male jack) that attaches to output connector 14, and afront section 26 that splits into a first split end 26 a and a secondsplit end 26 b. Similarly, output cable 20 includes a back section 28with a connector 30 (such as a male jack) that attaches to outputconnector 16, and a front section 32 that splits into a first split end32 a and a section split end 32 b. Of course, it should be understoodthat each of output cables 18, 20 could alternatively be manufacturedout of two separate leads (instead of having a front section with splitends). In addition, output cables 18, 20 could be connected directly toelectronic control unit 12 without the use of connectors.

As can be seen in FIG. 1A, electrodes 18 a, 18 b are attached to splitends 26 a, 26 b of output cable 18, respectively. Similarly, electrodes20 a, 20 b are attached to split ends 32 a, 32 b of output cable 20,respectively. As such, output cable 18 and electrodes 18 a, 18 btogether form a first output channel (referred to hereinafter as“channel A”), and output cable 20 and electrodes 20 a, 20 b togetherform a second output channel (referred to hereinafter as “channel B”).Although two channels are shown in FIG. 1, it should be understood thatany number of channels may be used in accordance with the presentinvention (provided, of course, that the number of channels correspondsto the number of output connectors of electronic control unit 12).

In the illustrated example, electrodes 18 a and 20 a each comprise arelative positive electrode, and electrodes 18 b and 20 b each comprisea relative negative electrode. As will be described in greater detailhereinbelow, each of the electrical pulses applied to electrodes 18 a,18 b and electrodes 20 a, 20 b may comprise, for example, a monophasicwaveform (which has absolute polarity), a biphasic asymmetric waveform(which has relative polarity), or a biphasic symmetric waveform (whichhas no polarity). Thus, as used herein, the term “positive electrode”refers to a relative positive electrode and the term “negativeelectrode” refers to a relative negative electrode (regardless ofwhether the electrical pulse comprises a monophasic waveform, anasymmetric biphasic waveform, or a symmetric biphasic waveform (whichbehaves like the relative positive or relative negative electrode duringeach phase of the waveform)).

Electrodes 18 a, 18 b and 20 a, 20 b are each adapted to be positionedin electrical conduct with tissue of selected regions of a patient, aswill be described in greater detail herein below with reference to FIGS.3A-3W. In the illustrated embodiment, each of electrodes 18 a, 18 b and20 a, 20 b comprises a transcutaneous electrode having a surfaceelectrode pad that may be placed on the skin of a patient. As is knownin the art, each of electrodes 18 a, 18 b and 20 a, 20 b may be formedof metal or some other physiologically acceptable conductive materialand may take on a variety of different sizes and shapes. Of course, oneor more of electrodes 18 a, 18 b and 20 a, 20 b may alternativelycomprise a percutaneous electrode, such as a needle electrode, or anyother type of suitable electrode in accordance with the presentinvention.

Electronic control unit 12 also includes internal circuitry (not shown)for selectively generating a series of electrical pulses in accordancewith a procedure for treating a neurological disorder. The series ofelectrical pulses generated by the circuitry are provided at outputconnectors 14, 16 and, as such, may be applied to a patient throughchannel A and/or channel B. The series of electrical pulses may comprisea variety of different types of pulse train patterns, such as: aplurality of cycles of a biphasic sequential pulse train pattern; aplurality of cycles of a biphasic overlapping pulse train pattern; aplurality of cycles of a triphasic sequential pulse train pattern; aplurality of cycles of a triphasic overlapping pulse train pattern; afunctional pulse train pattern; a low-frequency pulse train pattern; ora frequency-sequenced pulse burst train pattern. Each of these pulsetrain patterns will be described in detail herein below with referenceto FIGS. 2A-2H. One skilled in the art will understand that a variety ofdifferent circuit configurations may be used to generate the variouspulse train patterns, such as the circuitry described in Palermo U.S.Pat. No. 5,562,718, which is incorporated herein by reference.

A variety of different neuromuscular electrical stimulation devices maybe used and/or adapted for use in accordance with the present invention.For example, one could easily incorporate the protocols disclosed hereininto the OMNISTIM® FX² patterned electrical neuromuscular stimulator orthe OMNISTIM® FX² Pro patterned electrical neuromuscular stimulator,both of which are sold by the assignee of the present application. Ofcourse, other types of electrical stimulation devices could also beused, which are generally available in the industry.

Referring now to FIGS. 2A-2H, examples of the various types of pulsetrain patterns that may be used in accordance with the present inventionwill now be described hereinbelow. Each of the pulse train patterns iscomprised of a series of individual electrical pulses arranged into aparticular pattern. Each of the electrical pulses may comprise either amonophasic or biphasic waveform, which may be, for example, asymmetric,symmetric, square, sinusoidal, overlapping sinusoidal (interferential),and the like. Preferably, each of the electrical pulses comprises abiphasic asymmetric square wave having a pulse duration that rangesbetween 30 microseconds and 400 microseconds (preferably less than 100microseconds) during the positive and negative phases and a currentamplitude that typically ranges between 25 milliamps and 140 milliamps.It will be appreciated that the higher currents may be tolerable (forexample up to 200 milliamps) when the pulse width is lowered.

It has been found that electrical pulses having a short pulse durationand high current amplitude selectively trigger p-type calcium channels(preferably having a pulse duration of 30-100 microseconds and a currentamplitude of 25-140 milliamps). Activation of p-type calcium channelswill in turn trigger the release of nerve growth factor (“NGF”) tosustain axon regeneration and repair. This repeated p-type calciumchannel activation increases the calcium pool at the neuromuscularjunction, which facilitates enhanced muscle recruitment. Twitchcontractions may increase in intensity during the treatment even thoughthe stimulation output is not increased as observed empirically. Thisadditional calcium at the neuromuscular junction lasts for several hourspost-treatment, which facilitates voluntary movement. See RegeneronCorp. (Tarrytown, N.Y.) Neural stimulation effects presentation, Societyfor Neuroscience, San Diego 1998 (short and long term nerve growthpotentiation using repetitive electric stimulation).

Biphasic Sequential Pulse Train Pattern

Referring to FIG. 2A, electrical stimulation system 10 may be used toapply a plurality of cycles of a biphasic sequential pulse train patternto a patient. In a typical biphasic sequential pulse train pattern, afirst phase of electrical pulses is applied to channel A and a secondphase of electrical pulses is applied to channel B with a delay periodtherebetween.

In the illustrated example, the first phase of electrical pulses isapplied to channel A for approximately 60 milliseconds to 120milliseconds (and most preferably for 100 milliseconds). At theconclusion of the first phase of electrical pulses, there is a delayperiod of approximately 0 milliseconds to 100 milliseconds (and mostpreferably 80 milliseconds) before the second phase of electrical pulsesis applied to channel B. Then, the second phase of electrical pulses isapplied to channel B for approximately 60 milliseconds to 120milliseconds (and most preferably for 100 milliseconds). The frequencyof the individual electrical pulses in each phase is approximately 30 Hzto 100 Hz (and most preferably 50 Hz).

The biphasic sequential pulse train pattern described above may berepeated approximately every 0.33 seconds (3 Hz) to 3 seconds (0.33 Hz).Preferably, the pulse train pattern is applied to the patient for atotal treatment time of approximately 10 minutes to 30 minutes (and mostpreferably for 20 minutes), as desired for a particular treatment.

Biphasic Overlapping Pulse Train Pattern

Referring to FIG. 2B, electrical stimulation system 10 may also be usedto apply a plurality of cycles of a biphasic overlapping pulse trainpattern to a patient. In a typical biphasic overlapping pulse trainpattern, a first phase of electrical pulses is applied to channel A anda second phase of electrical pulses is applied to channel B with anoverlap period therebetween.

In the illustrated example, the first phase of electrical pulses isapplied to channel A for approximately 60 milliseconds to 120milliseconds (and most preferably for 100 milliseconds). When the firstphase of electrical pulses has reached a time period of between 40milliseconds and 100 milliseconds (and most preferably 80 milliseconds),the second phase of electrical pulses is applied to channel B forapproximately 60 milliseconds to 120 milliseconds (and most preferablyfor 100 milliseconds). Thus, there is an overlap period of approximately20 milliseconds to 80 milliseconds (and most preferably 20 milliseconds)during which both channel A and channel B are providing electricalstimulation to the patient. The frequency of the individual electricalpulses in each phase is approximately 30 Hz to 100 Hz (and mostpreferably 50 Hz).

The biphasic overlapping pulse train pattern described above may berepeated approximately every 0.33 seconds (3 Hz) to 3 seconds (0.33 Hz).Preferably, the pulse train pattern is applied to the patient for atotal treatment time of approximately 10 minutes to 60 minutes (and mostpreferably 20 minutes), as desired for a particular treatment.

Triphasic Sequential Pulse Train Pattern

Referring to FIG. 2C, electrical stimulation system 10 may also be usedto apply a plurality of cycles of a triphasic sequential pulse trainpattern to a patient. In a typical triphasic sequential pulse trainpattern, a first phase of electrical pulses is applied to channel A, asecond phase of electrical pulses is applied to channel B, and a thirdphase of electrical pulses is applied to channel A, wherein there is adelay period between the first and second phases of electrical pulsesand another delay period between the second and third phases ofelectrical pulses.

In the illustrated example, the first phase of electrical pulses isapplied to channel A for approximately 60 milliseconds to 120milliseconds (and most preferably for 100 milliseconds). At theconclusion of the first phase of electrical pulses, there is a delayperiod of approximately 0 milliseconds to 100 milliseconds (and mostpreferably 80 milliseconds) before the second phase of electrical pulsesis applied to channel B. Then, the second phase of electrical pulses isapplied to channel B for approximately 60 milliseconds to 120milliseconds (and most preferably for 100 milliseconds). At theconclusion of the second phase of electrical pulses, there is a delayperiod of approximately 0 milliseconds to 100 milliseconds (and mostpreferably 80 milliseconds) before the third phase of electrical pulsesis applied to channel A. Then, the third phase of electrical pulses isapplied to channel A for approximately 36 milliseconds to 72milliseconds (and most preferably for 60 milliseconds). The frequency ofthe individual electrical pulses in each phase is approximately 30 Hz to100 Hz (and most preferably 50 Hz).

The triphasic sequential pulse train pattern described above may berepeated approximately every 0.3 seconds (3.3 Hz) to 3 seconds (0.33Hz). Preferably, the pulse train pattern is applied to the patient for atotal treatment time of approximately 10 minutes to 60 minutes (and mostpreferably 20 minutes), as desired for a particular treatment.

Referring to FIG. 2D, electrical stimulation system 10 may also be usedto apply a plurality of cycles of a triphasic overlapping pulse trainpattern to a patient. In a typical triphasic overlapping pulse trainpattern, a first phase of electrical pulses is applied to channel A, asecond phase of electrical pulses is applied to channel B, and a thirdphase of electrical pulses is applied to channel A, wherein there is anoverlap period between the first and second phases of electrical pulsesand another overlap period between the second and third phases ofelectrical pulses.

In the illustrated example, the first phase of electrical pulses isapplied to channel A for approximately 60 milliseconds to 120milliseconds (and most preferably for 100 milliseconds). When the firstphase of electrical pulses has reached a time period of between 40milliseconds and 100 milliseconds (and most preferably 80 milliseconds),the second phase of electrical pulses is applied to channel B forapproximately 60 milliseconds to 120 milliseconds (and most preferably100 milliseconds). Thus, there is an overlap period of approximately 0milliseconds to 100 milliseconds (and most preferably 20 milliseconds)during which both channel A and channel B are providing electricalstimulation to the patient. When the second phase of electrical pulseshas reached a time period of between 40 milliseconds and 100milliseconds (and most preferably 80 milliseconds), the third phase ofelectrical pulses is applied to channel A for approximately 36milliseconds to 72 milliseconds (and most preferably 60 milliseconds)(i.e., the third phase of electrical pulses has a shorter time durationthan that of the first phase of electrical pulses). Thus, there is anoverlap period of approximately 0 milliseconds to 72 milliseconds (andmost preferably 20 milliseconds) during which both channel B and channelA are providing electrical stimulation to the patient. The frequency ofthe individual electrical pulses in each phase is approximately 30 Hz to100 Hz (and most preferably 50 Hz).

The triphasic overlapping pulse train pattern described above may berepeated approximately every 0.33 seconds (3 Hz) to 3.0 seconds (0.33Hz). Preferably, the pulse train pattern is applied to the patient for atotal treatment time of approximately 10 minutes to 60 minutes (and mostpreferably 20 minutes), as desired for a particular treatment.

Functional Pulse Train Pattern

Electrical stimulation system 10 may also be used to apply a functionalpulse train pattern to a patient. The functional pulse train pattern isapplied to channel A and channel B (or to additional channels) so as tomimic the electrical sequencing of particular muscles involved duringnormal functional activity. One skilled in the art will understand thatthe functional pulse train pattern for a particular functioning activity(e.g., chewing, moving the bolus, or swallowing) may be obtained throughthe use of an electromyographic (EMG) recording device. The sequence offiring of the muscles, firing frequencies, and the duration andfrequency of the firing of the muscles may thus be determined forstandardized healthy normal subjects and may then be programmed into theappropriate stimulation pattern. Preferably, the functional pulse trainpattern is applied to the patient for a total treatment time ofapproximately 10 minutes to 60 minutes (and most preferably 20 minutes),as desired for a particular treatment. Examples include, but are notlimited to, gripping, holding, pinching, sit-to-stand activities,cycling, walking, and ankle dorsiflexion.

Low-Frequency Pulse Train Pattern

Referring to FIG. 2E, electrical stimulation system 10 may also be usedto apply a low-frequency pulse train pattern to a patient. Thelow-frequency pulse train pattern may be applied to channel A and/orchannel B, wherein the individual electrical pulses are generated oneach channel at a frequency of between 4 Hz and 200 Hz. Generally, thefrequency of the electrical pulses is selected in order to provide thedesired response and release of stimulatory or inhibitoryneurotransmitters centrally and spinally while providing the greatestcomfort to the patient. If channel A and channel B are both used, thelow-frequency pulse train pattern may be applied simultaneously tochannel A and channel B, or a different frequency may be applied on eachchannel to a different area associated with various phases ofswallowing. Preferably, the low-frequency pulse train pattern is appliedto the patient for a total treatment time of approximately 5 minutes to60 minutes (and most preferably 20 minutes), as desired for a particulartreatment.

Frequency-Sequenced Pulse Burst Train Pattern

Referring to FIGS. 2F-2H, electrical stimulation system 10 may also beused to apply a frequency-sequenced pulse burst train pattern to apatient. The frequency-sequenced pulse burst train pattern may beapplied to channel A and/or channel B, wherein different sequences ofmodulated electrical pulses are generated at different frequencies.Preferably, the different burst frequencies are selected so as toselectively generate the production of endorphin, dynorphin, andenkephalin/serotonin during each of the respective sequences, which isbelieved to have beneficial effects in the treatment of the neurologicaldisorders of the present invention.

In the example shown in FIG. 2F, the frequency-sequenced pulse bursttrain pattern typically has a carrier frequency of 500 Hz to 100,000 Hzwith a first sequence of modulated electrical pulses generated at aburst frequency of approximately 0.1 Hz to 10 Hz (preferably 1 to 5 Hz)for a duration of approximately 1 second to 150 seconds (preferably 10to 120 seconds), a second sequence of modulated electrical pulsesgenerated at a burst frequency of approximately 5 Hz to 20 Hz for aduration of approximately 1 to 150 seconds (preferably 10 seconds to 120seconds), and a third sequence of modulated electrical pulses generatedat a burst frequency of approximately 20 Hz to 250 Hz for a duration ofapproximately 1 to 150 seconds (preferably 10 seconds to 120 seconds).Preferably, the frequency-sequenced pulse burst train pattern is appliedto the patient for a total treatment time of approximately 1 minute to60 minutes. Using this therapy, the patient begins to receive theeffects of all of the neurotransmitters relatively quickly as thefrequencies cycle through rapidly. This therapy is also very comfortableand moderately aggressive.

In the example shown in FIG. 2G, the frequency-sequenced pulse bursttrain pattern typically has a carrier frequency of 500 Hz to 100,000 Hzwith a first sequence of modulated electrical pulses generated at aburst frequency of approximately 5 Hz to 20 Hz for a duration ofapproximately 1 minute to 15 minutes (preferably 2-10 minutes), a secondsequence of modulated electrical pulses generated at a burst frequencyof approximately 0.1 Hz to 10 Hz (preferably 1-5 Hz) for a duration ofapproximately 1 minute to 60 minutes (preferably 10 to 30 minutes), anda third sequence of modulated electrical pulses generated at a burstfrequency of approximately 20 Hz to 250 Hz for a duration ofapproximately 1 minute to 30 minutes (preferably 10 to 20 minutes).Preferably, the frequency-sequenced pulse burst train pattern is appliedto the patient for a total treatment time of approximately 3 minutes to50 minutes. This therapy is the most aggressive and least tolerated butprovides the longest lasting effect. The initial effect is dynorphin(5-20 Hz), followed by endorphin (1-5 Hz), and then byenkephalin/serotonin (20-250 Hz). Since it takes 15 to 30 minutes toactivate endorphin and only 5-10 minutes to activateenkephalin/serotonin, both are present at the completion of thetreatment for maximum effect.

In the example shown in FIG. 2H, the frequency-sequenced pulse bursttrain pattern has a carrier frequency of 500 Hz to 100,000 Hz with afirst sequence of modulated electrical pulses generated at a burstfrequency of approximately 20 Hz to 250 Hz for a duration ofapproximately 1 minute to 30 minutes (preferably 10 to 20 minutes), anda second sequence of modulated electrical pulses generated at a burstfrequency of approximately 0.1 Hz to 20 Hz (preferably 1 to 20 Hz) for aduration of approximately 1 minute to 20 minutes (preferably 10 to 20minutes). Preferably, the frequency-sequenced pulse burst train patternis applied to the patient for a total treatment time of approximately 20minutes to 40 minutes. This therapy is the least aggressive and besttolerated but provides the shortest lasting effect. The initial effectis enkephalin/serotonin (20-250 Hz) followed by endorphin (1-20 Hz).Since it takes about 15-30 minutes to activate endorphin and only about5-10 minutes to activate enkephalin/serotonin, both are present at thecompletion of the treatment. However, the enkephalin/serotonin has begunto deplete as it has a relatively short half life (15 minutes to 2hours) compared to endorphin (2-6 hours). Stimulation at higherfrequencies is better tolerated and thus more appropriate to start withfor more sensitive patients.

It will be appreciated that when multiple channels are used (e.g., inthe case of biphasic and triphasic pulse patterns), the first pulsepattern is preferably applied to the muscle most seriously affected. Forexample, if a patient complains of muscle weakness in chewing primarilyon the right side of the body, the motor point of the masseter muscle onthe right side of the patient's body preferably receives the pulsepattern on channel A and the motor point of the masseter muscle on theleft side of the patient's body preferably receives the pulse pattern onchannel B.

Transcranial Stimulation Device

As shown in FIG. 1B, the transcranial stimulation device is designatedgenerally as reference numeral 100. The neuromuscular electricalstimulation device 100 generally comprises an electronic control unit112 with one or more output connectors 114 which are connected to one ormore output cables 118 and associated electrode pairs 118 a, 118 brespectively. Although one output connector 114 is shown in FIG. 1B, itshould be understood that electronic control unit 112 may include anynumber of output connectors (such as one, two, three, four, five, six,seven, eight, or more output connectors) in accordance with the presentinvention. In addition, one or more of the cables may be bifurcated intomultiple (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6) electrodes.

Output cable 118 each comprises any suitable type of insulatedconductive cable, such as a coaxial cable. In the illustratedembodiment, output cable 118 includes a back section 122 with aconnector 124 (such as a male jack) that attaches to output connector114, and a front section 126 that splits into a first split end 126 aand a second split end 126 b. Of course, it should be understood thateach of output cable 118 could alternatively be manufactured out of twoseparate leads (instead of having a front section with split ends). Inaddition, output cable 118 could be connected directly to electroniccontrol unit 112 without the use of connectors.

As can be seen in FIG. 1B, electrodes 118 a, 118 b are attached to splitends 126 a, 126 b of output cable 118, respectively. As such, outputcable 118 and electrodes 118 a, 118 b together form a first outputchannel. Although one channel is shown in FIG. 1B, it should beunderstood that any number of channels may be used in accordance withthe present invention (provided, of course, that the number of channelscorresponds to the number of output connectors of electronic controlunit 112).

In the illustrated example, electrode 118 a comprise a positiveelectrode, and electrode 118 b comprise a negative electrode. As will bedescribed in greater detail hereinbelow, the direct current applied toeach electrodes 118 a, 18 b may comprise, for example, a continuousdirect current or a monophasic (monopolar) waveform (which has absolutepolarity). Thus, as used herein, the term “positive electrode” refers toa positive electrode and the term “negative electrode” refers to anegative electrode (regardless of whether the electrical pulse comprisesa continuous direct current or monophasic waveform.

Electrodes 118 a, 118 b are each adapted to be positioned in electricalcontact with the transcranial tissue of selected regions of a patient,as will be described in greater detail herein below with reference toFIGS. 4A-4E. In the illustrated embodiments, each of electrodes 118 a,118 b comprises a transcutaneous electrode having a surface electrodepad that may be placed on the skin of a patient. As is known in the art,each of electrodes 118 a, 118 b may be formed of metal or some otherphysiologically acceptable conductive material and may take on a varietyof different sizes and shapes. Of course, one or more of electrodes 118a, 118 b may alternatively comprise any other type of suitable electrodein accordance with the present invention.

Electronic control unit 112 also includes internal circuitry (not shown)for selectively generating a series of electrical pulses in accordancewith a procedure for treating a neurological disorder. The series ofelectrical pulses generated by the circuitry are provided at outputconnector 114, as such, may be applied to a patient through thechannels. One skilled in the art will understand that a variety ofdifferent circuit configurations may be used to generate the directcurrent.

A variety of different transcranial direct current electricalstimulation devices may be used and/or adapted for use in accordancewith the present invention. For example, one could easily incorporatethe protocols disclosed herein into the Iomed Phoresor II direct currentstimulator. Of course, other types of electrical stimulation devicescould also be used, which are generally available in the industry.

Referring now to FIGS. 4A-4E, at least one of electrode 118 a, 118 b isadapted to be positioned in electrical contact with tissue of overlyingselected regions of the patient's brain. These regions are generally themotor cortex or, more preferably, the somatosensory and motor cortex. Ingeneral, as shown in FIG. 4A, there are three primary regions 135 a, 135b, or 135 c for transcranial electrode placement and stimulation: thecranial region overlying the brain somatosensory and motor control ofthe facial muscles 135 a; the cranial region overlying the brainsomatosensory and motor control of the upper extremity muscles 135 b;and the cranial region overlying the brain somatosensory and motorcontrol of the lower extremity muscles 135 c. It will be appreciatedthat by decreasing the size of the electrode or otherwise focusing thefield, the stimulation may be primarily on the motor cortex region(about 1 cm anterior-laterally).

Preferably, the positive electrode is applied overlying the brain targetregion 135 a, 135 b, or 135 c. The other electrode (typically thepositive electrode) is then applied in one of three positions. First, asshown in FIG. 4B, the negative electrode is positioned contralaterallyto the same motor control area of the brain. In such a case, thepositive electrode is typically about the same size as the negativeelectrode. Second, as shown in FIG. 4C, the negative electrode is placedin a “neutral” site. Preferred neutral sites are on the forehead on theopposite prefrontal cortex or on the patient's neck or shoulder. Inthese latter two instances, the negative electrode is typically largerin size than the positive electrode. The size differences focus thefield near the smaller electrode to provide more specificity instimulation of the brain somatosensory and motor control regions.

It will also be appreciated that the brain target region 135 a, 135 b,and 135 c is opposite the affected target area in the periphery. Forexample, if the patient has a stroke affecting the right side of thebrain, the left side of the body is expected to lose function. Applyingthe positive electrode over the right brain location that controls theleft side of the body produces an improvement in function of the leftside of the body.

FIG. 4D illustrates two alternative embodiments for the electrodeplacement for a transcranial direct current stimulator comprising twochannels, each having two electrodes 118, 118 b and 120 a, 120 b. Theseembodiments are also particularly well suited for neurological disorderswhich affect both sides of the patient's body, such as those involvingmultiple sclerosis.

As shown in FIG. 4D (top panel), in one embodiment, the first electrode118 a of the first channel is positioned in electrical contact with thecranium overlying the somatorsensory and motor control region of thebrain (e.g., 135 a, 135 b, or 135 c), and the second electrode 118 b ofthe first channel is positioned in electrical contact with the patient'sprefrontal cortex on the forehead on the same side of the body. Theelectrodes 120 a, 120 b of the second channel are positioned bilaterallyin a similar fashion. This conformation is denoted as a bipolarcranial-forehead electrode placement.

As shown in FIG. 4D (bottom panel), in another embodiment, the firstelectrode 118 a of the first channel is positioned in electrical contactwith cranium overlying the somatosensory and motor control region of thebrain (e.g., 135 a, 135 b, or 135 c), and the second electrode 118 b ofthe first channel is positioned in electrical contact with the patient'sshoulder or neck on the same side of the body. The electrodes 120 a, 120b of the second channel are positioned bilaterally in a similar fashion.This conformation denoted as a bipolar cranial-neck electrode placement.

FIG. 4E illustrates two alternative embodiments for the electrodeplacement for a transcranial direct current stimulator comprising twochannels, each having two electrodes 118 a, 118 b and 120 a, 120 b.These embodiments are also particularly well suited for neurologicaldisorders which affect both sides of the patient's body, such as thoseinvolving multiple sclerosis or Parkinson's disease.

In one embodiment (top panel of FIG. 4E), the first electrode 118 a ofthe first channel is positioned in electrical contact with the craniumoverlying the somatosensory motor control region of the brain (e.g., 135a, 135 b, or 135 c), and the second electrode 118 b of the first channelis positioned in electrical contact with the patient's prefrontal cortexon the forehead on the opposite side of the body. The electrodes 120 a,120 b of the second channel are positioned in a similar fashion. Thatis, the first electrode 120 a of the second channel is positionedcontralaterally to first electrode 118 a of the first channel, and thesecond electrode 120 b of the second channel is positionedcontralaterally to the second electrode 118 b of the first channel. Thisconformation is denoted as a quadripolar cranial-forehead electrodeplacement. This embodiment is especially useful for transcraniallystimulating the regions of the brain associated with somatosensory andmotor control of the lower extremities, which are located in the deeperregions of the brain.

In still another embodiment (bottom panel of FIG. 4E), the firstelectrode 118 a of the first channel is positioned in electrical contactwith the cranium overlying the somatosensory and motor control region ofthe brain (e.g., 135 a, 135 b, or 135 c), and the second electrode 118 bof the first channel is positioned in electrical contact with thepatient's shoulder or neck on the opposite side of the body. Theelectrodes 120 a, 120 b of the second channel are positioned in asimilar fashion. Thus, the first electrode 120 a of the second channelis positioned contralateral to the somatosensory and motor controlregion of the brain (e.g., 135 a, 135 b, or 135 c), and the secondelectrode 120 b of the second channel is positioned in electricalcontact with the patient's shoulder or neck on the opposite side of thebody (i.e., but on the same side as the target region 135 a, 135 b, or135 c). This conformation is denoted as a quadripolarcranial-neck-shoulder electrode placement. This embodiment is especiallyuseful for transcranially stimulating the regions of the brainassociated with somatosensory and motor control of the lowerextremities, which are located in the deeper regions of the brain.

The transcranial direct current may be continuous, pulsed, and/or burstmodulated. The current is preferably a low amperage current, typicallyless than 10 mA, and more preferably about 0.5 to 2 mA, with about 1 mAbeing most preferred. The pulse duration for the pulsed direct currentis preferably ranges between 0.5 microsecond to 60 minutes, morepreferably between about 1 and 10 microseconds, and may be uniform ornon-uniform. The pulse frequency of the pulsed direct current preferablyranges between continuous to 1 Mhz

The direct current is applied for a period of time sufficient to reducethe neuronal threshold for firing under the positive electrode and/orincrease the firing threshold under the negative electrode. Although notbound by a particular theory, the threshold of nerve activation islikely lowered near the positive electrode because the increase inelectron density makes it easier form NMDA and other ion channels toopen, and thus creates an easier presynaptic depolarization.

FIG. 5 illustrates the timing diagram of the transcranial direct currentstimulation. In FIG. 5A, a constant direct current is applied to thepatient. The direct current is a continuous current, and may be constantcurrent or constant voltage or a combination thereof. The constant DC isusually applied for a period between 1 and 60 minutes.

In FIG. 5B, the direct current stimulation waveform comprises a seriesof monopolar with a mid-frequency pattern applied to one or morechannels of electrodes/The direct current may be constant current,constant voltage, or a combination thereof. Typically, the carrierfrequency is between 100 Hz and 1 MHz.

In FIG. 5C, the direct current stimulation waveform comprises monopolarbursts that may be applied to one or more output channels of electrodes.The frequency-sequenced pulse burst train pattern has a carrierfrequency of 100 Hz to 1 MHz, with a first sequence of modulatedelectrical pulses generated at a burst frequency of approximately 0.01Hz to 250 Hz. The duration of each burst ranges between approximately 1seconds to 120 seconds, and the time between each burst ranges between 1seconds to 120 second. The frequency may be altered randomly or set atpredetermined ranges (e.g. 0.1 to 15 Hz, or 15 to 250 Hz). Preferably,the frequency-sequenced pulse burst train pattern is applied to thepatient for a total treatment time of approximately 1 minute to 60minutes.

FIG. 6 demonstrates the an exemplary time linkage between the peripheralpatterned electrical stimulation and the transcranial direct currentstimulation as the latter is modulated by a carrier signal thatincreases its current intensity to coincide with the peripheralstimulation timing. The top two firing patterns demonstrate a prototypicbiphasic peripheral stimulation timing and the third patterndemonstrates an underlying direct current flow either continuous orphasic with an increase in intensity beginning at about the same time asthe peripheral stimulus and ending at or shortly after the time of theperipheral stimulation. Given the delay of nerve transmission from theupper or lower extremity to the brain, the transcortical stimulation maycontinue for an additional time period to allow for the peripheral tobrain delay. The fourth line firing pattern demonstrates aprestimulation intensity increase that begins approximately 300 mSecbefore the peripheral stimulation pulses in an attempt to mimic thecentral neurophysiological event described as the“berieftshaftpotential” or the preactivation of the brain just prior tothe activation of the motor neurons for intentional movement.

Combination Therapies

The neurological disorder treatment methods of the present invention arewell-adapted to be used with other conventional therapies, including,but not limited to, changing the diet, swallowing exercises, changes inbody posture, strengthening exercises, coordination exercises, and evensurgery. Therapeutic agents useful for treating neurological disorderscan be found in the Merck Index and the United States Pharmacopeia,which are periodically updated.

In particular, the electrical stimulation methods of the presentinvention may also be combined with the administration oftherapeutically effective amounts of various pharmaceuticals useful fortreating neurological disorders, such as dopamine uptake inhibitors,norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, selective serotonin reuptakeinhibitors, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, serotonin and noradrenalinereuptake inhibitors, norepinephrine uptake inhibitors, dopamineagonists, acetocholinesterase inhibitors, catechol O-methyltransferaseinhibitors, and anticholinergic agents. Antioxidants can also be usedwith other neuroprotective agents as adjuncts to transcranialstimulation. The agents may be given alone or co-administered to thepatient. The agents may also be administered along with pharmaceuticallyacceptable carriers and excipients.

Suitable antioxidants of the present invention include herbal, aminoacid, mineral, vitamin, and enzymatic antioxidants. Useful, herbalantioxidants include, but are not limited to, beta carotene, variousbioflavonoids (co-enzyme Q10, curcuma, ginkgo biloba (preferably anextract), ginseng (preferably American, Korean, or Siberian), Gotu Kola,grape pip (proanthocyanidins), and quercetin). Useful amino acidantioxidants include, but are not limited to, L-arginine, L-glutathione,L-lysine, L-methionine, L-taurine, and L-camitine. Useful mineralantioxidants include, but are not limited to, boron, selenium (e.g.,sodium selenite and selenium methionine), manganese (e.g., citrate),magnesium (preferably elemental), and zinc. Useful vitamin antioxidantsinclude, but are not limited to, vitamins A, B, C, E, and folic acid(pteroylgutamic acid). The preferred B vitamins are B₁ (thiamine HCl),B₂ (preferably riboflavin 5′-phosphate), B₃ (niacinamide), B₆(preferably pyridoxine HCl and activated pyridoxal 5′-phosphate), andB₁₂ (methylcobalamin). Other preferred vitamins are vitamin A(palminate), and vitamin E (d-alpha tocopheryl succinate). Otherpreferred vitamers include alpha-lipoic acid, lutein, lycopene (acarotenoid), succinate, ubiquinone (co-enzyme Q10), and zeaxanthin (ayellow carotenoid). Examples of enzymatic antioxidants includesuperoxide dismutase and catalase. Other forms or equivalents of thesestated compounds may be utilized in alternative embodiments.

Suitable dopamine uptake inhibitors include, but are not limited to,bupropion, amineptine, phenmetrazine, methylphenidate, vanoxerine, CFT,dextropmethorphan, MDPV, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.Most preferred are bupropion (WELLBUTRIN®) and methylphenidate(RITALIN®).

Suitable norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors include, but are not limitedto, tertiary amine tricyclics and secondary amine tricyclics. Suitableexamples of tertiary amine tricyclics include: amitriptyline,clomipramine, doxepin, imipramine, and trimipramine, andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. Suitable examples ofsecondary amine tricyclics include: amoxapine, desipramine, maprotiline,nortriptyline, and protriptyline, and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. Another norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor of use in the presentinvention is reboxetine.

Suitable selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors include, but are notlimited to, alaproclate, citalopram, dapoxetine, escitalopram oxalate,fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, sertraline, zimelidine, andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

Suitable monoamine oxidase inhibitors include, but are not limited to,harmaline, iproniazid, iproclozide, isocarboxazid, moclobemide,nialamide, pargyline, phenelzine, tranylcypromine, selegiline,toloxatone, tranylcypromine, rasagiline, many tryptamines, andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. Of these, selegiline(ELDEPRYL®) is most preferred.

Suitable serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors include, butare not limited to, desipramine, duloxetine, milnacipran, nefazodone,venlafaxine, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. Of these,venlafaxine (EFFEXOR®) is most preferred.

Suitable norepinephrine uptake inhibitors include, but are not limitedto, atomoxetine, bupropion, maprotiline, reboxetine, and viloxazine.

Suitable dopamine agonists include, but are not limited to, carbidopa,levodopa, bromocriptine, pergolide, dihydroergocryptine mesylate,ropinirole, pramipexole, cabergoline, apomorphine, piribedil,rotigotine, and lisuride hydrogen maleate. Of these, carbidopa-levodopa(SINEMET®) is most preferred.

Suitable acetocholinesterase inhibitors include, but are not limited to,various organophosphates (metrifonate), carbamates (physostigmine,neostigmine, pyridostigmine, ambenonium, demarcarium, rivastigmine),phenanthrine derivatives (galantamine), peperidines (donepezil),tancrine, and edrophonium.

Suitable catechol O-methyltransferase inhibitors include, but are notlimited to, entacapone and tolcapone.

Suitable anticholinergic agents include trihexyphenidyl, benzotropine,scopolamine, atropine, dicyclomine, flavoxate, ipratropium, oxybutynin,pirenzepine, tiotropium, tolterodine, tropicamide, solifenacin,solifenacin, darifenacin, atracurium, doxacurium, mivacurium,pancuronium, tuborcurarine, and vecuronium. Of these, trihexyphenidyl ismost preferred.

While several exemplary embodiments of the present invention arediscussed below, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate thatvarious modifications may be made to these embodiments, and theinvention is not limited to the specific electrode placements and pulsetrain patterns described therein.

First Exemplary Embodiment

In a first exemplary embodiment of the present invention, as generallyillustrated in FIG. 3A, a pair of electrodes is positioned in electricalcontact with the patient's tissue in order to provide electricalstimulation to one or more of the face muscles. A second pair ofelectrodes is positioned bilaterally in a similar manner. In addition,at least one of a pair of electrodes is positioned in electrical contactof the area of the cranium overlying the brain somatosensory and motorcontrol of the face 135 a as illustrated in FIG. 4A.

More specifically, as shown in FIG. 3A, a first electrode 18 a ispositioned in electrical contact with tissue to stimulate a motor pointof the patient's masseter muscle and/or pterygoid muscle (medial and/orlateral). Most preferably, first electrode 18 a comprises a surfaceelectrode that is positioned on the patient's skin about 1 body inchanterior to the lower angle of the mandible at the prominence of themasseter muscle, along the distal corner of the patient's mouth. Asecond electrode 18 b is positioned is electrical contact with tissue tostimulate the patient's buccinators muscle and/or obicularis orismuscle. Most preferably, second electrode 18 b comprises a surfaceelectrode that is positioned on the patient's skin at the distal cornerof the mouth. Another pair of electrodes 20 a, 20 b is providedbilaterally in a similar position as generally illustrated in FIG. 3A.

In this exemplary embodiment, the pulse train pattern applied to thefacial muscles comprises a biphasic overlapping pulse train patternhaving the following parameters:

Pulse duration of individual electrical pulses: 50-70 microseconds

Current amplitude of individual electrical pulses: 25-70 milliamps

Duration of first phase: 100 milliseconds

Duration of overlap: 20 milliseconds

Duration of second phase: 100 milliseconds

Frequency of pulse train pattern: 1.6 hertz

Total treatment time: 20 minutes

Total number of treatments: 18 (over six weeks)

Frequency of individual electrical pulses (in each phase): 50 hertz

In this exemplary embodiment, a continuous direct or pulsed directcurrent of approximately 1 mA with a current density of greater than0.015 mA/cm² is simultaneously applied transcranially to the brainsomatosensory and motor cortex region controlling the facial muscles 135a.

Second Exemplary Embodiment

In a second exemplary embodiment of the present invention, as generallyillustrated in FIG. 3B, a pair of electrodes is positioned in electricalcontact with the patient's tissue in order to provide electricalstimulation to one or more portions of the tongue to improve motorcontrol of the tongue and to the muscles associated with chewing and/orswallowing. A second pair of electrodes is positioned bilaterally in asimilar manner. In addition, at least one of a pair of electrodes ispositioned in electrical contact of the area of the cranium overlyingthe brain somatosensory and motor control of the face 135 a asillustrated in FIG. 4A.

More specifically, as shown in FIG. 3B, a first electrode 18 a ispositioned in electrical contact with tissue to stimulate a motor pointof the patient's tongue. Most preferably, first electrode 18 a comprisesa surface electrode that is positioned on the patient's skin tongue orpharynx. A second electrode 18 b is positioned is electrical contactwith tissue to stimulate the patient's masseter and/or facial muscles.Most preferably, second electrode 18 b comprises a surface electrodethat is positioned in electrical contact with tissue to simulate a motorpoint of the patient's masseter muscle and/or buccinators muscle and/ororbicularis oris muscle. Most preferably, second electrode 18 bcomprises a surface electrode that is positioned on the patient's skinalong the jaw about one inch anterior to the lower angle of the mandibleat the prominence of the masseter muscle or over the motor point of thepatient's buccinator muscle and/or orbicularis oris muscle. Another pairof electrodes 20 a, 20 b is provided bilaterally in a similar positionas generally illustrated in FIG. 3B.

In this exemplary embodiment, the pulse train pattern comprises abiphasic overlapping pulse train pattern having the followingparameters:

Pulse duration of individual electrical pulses: 50-70 microseconds

Current amplitude of individual electrical pulses: 25-70 milliamps

Duration of first phase: 100 milliseconds

Duration of overlap: 20 milliseconds

Duration of second phase: 100 milliseconds

Frequency of pulse train pattern: 1.6 hertz

Total treatment time: 20 minutes

Total number of treatments: 18 (over six weeks)

Frequency of individual electrical pulses (in each phase): 50 hertz

In this exemplary embodiment, a continuous direct or pulsed directcurrent of approximately 1 mA with a current density of greater than0.015 mA/cm² is simultaneously applied transcranially to the brainsomatosensory and motor cortex region controlling the facial muscles 135a.

Third Exemplary Embodiment

In a second exemplary embodiment of the present invention, as generallyillustrated in FIG. 3C, a pair of electrodes is positioned in electricalcontact with the patient's tissue in order to provide electricalstimulation to one or more of the face muscles used to create proper lipseal and to the muscles associated with the posterior neck region. Asecond pair of electrodes is positioned bilaterally in a similar manner.In addition, at least one of a pair of electrodes is positioned inelectrical contact of the area of the cranium overlying the brainsomatosensory and motor control of the face 135 a as illustrated in FIG.4A.

More specifically, as shown in FIG. 3C, a first electrode 18 a ispositioned in electrical contact with tissue to stimulate a motor pointof the patient's buccinator and/or orbicularis oris muscles asdemonstrated in FIG. 3C (lower panel), or masseter and/or pterygoidmuscles (upper panel). Most preferably, first electrode 18 a comprises asurface electrode that is positioned on the patient's skin or over themotor point of the patient's buccinator muscle and/or orbicularis orismuscle. Most preferably, first electrode 18 a comprises a surfaceelectrode that is positioned on the patient's skin along the distalcorner of the patient's mouth in (upper panel) or along the jaw aboutone inch anterior to the lower angle of the mandible at the prominenceof the masseter muscle (lower panel). A second electrode 18 b ispositioned in electrical contact with tissue to stimulate the patient'scervical paraspinal muscles. Most preferably, second electrode 18 bcomprises a surface electrode that is positioned on the patient's skinin the posterior neck region just lateral to the one or more of thecervical vertebrae, most preferably near the C1, C2, C3, and/or C4cervical vertebrae. Another pair of electrodes 20 a, 20 b is providedbilaterally in a similar position as generally illustrated in FIG. 3B.

In this exemplary embodiment, the pulse train pattern comprises abiphasic overlapping pulse train pattern having the followingparameters:

Pulse duration of individual electrical pulses: 50-70 microseconds

Current amplitude of individual electrical pulses: 25-70 milliamps

Duration of first phase: 100 milliseconds

Duration of overlap: 20 milliseconds

Duration of second phase: 100 milliseconds

Frequency of pulse train pattern: 1.6 hertz

Total treatment time: 20 minutes

Total number of treatments: 18 (over six weeks)

Frequency of individual electrical pulses (in each phase): 50 hertz

In this exemplary embodiment, a continuous direct or pulsed directcurrent of approximately 1 mA with a current density of greater than0.015 mA/cm² is simultaneously applied transcranially to the brainsomatosensory and motor cortex region controlling the facial muscles 135a.

Fourth Exemplary Embodiment

In a fourth exemplary embodiment of the present invention, as generallyillustrated in FIG. 3D, a pair of electrodes is positioned in electricalcontact with the patient's tissue in order to provide electricalstimulation to one or more of the muscles associated with swallowing inthe posterior neck region and the muscles involved in maintaining properposture during swallowing. A second pair of electrodes is positionedbilaterally in a similar manner. In addition, at least one of a pair ofelectrodes is positioned in electrical contact of the area of thecranium overlying the brain somatosensory and motor control of the faceand neck 135 a as illustrated in FIG. 4A

More specifically, as shown in FIG. 3D, a first electrode 18 a ispositioned in electrical contact with tissue to stimulate a motor pointof the patient's upper trapezius muscle. Most preferably, firstelectrode 18 a comprises a surface electrode that is positioned on thepatient's skin along at the midpoint of the upper trapezium. A secondelectrode 18 b is positioned is electrical contact with tissue tostimulate the patient's cervical paraspinal muscles. Most preferably,second electrode 18 b comprises a surface electrode that is positionedon the patient's skin in the posterior neck region just lateral to theone or more of the cervical vertebrae, most preferably near the C1, C2,C3, and/or C4 cervical vertebrae. Another pair of electrodes 20 a, 20 bis provided bilaterally in a similar position as generally illustratedin FIG. 3D.

In this exemplary embodiment, the pulse train pattern comprises abiphasic overlapping pulse train pattern having the followingparameters:

Pulse duration of individual electrical pulses: 50-70 microseconds

Current amplitude of individual electrical pulses: 20-70 milliamps

Duration of first phase: 100 milliseconds

Duration of overlap: 20 milliseconds

Duration of second phase: 100 milliseconds

Frequency of pulse train pattern: 1.6 hertz

Total treatment time: 20 minutes

Total number of treatments: 18 (over six weeks)

Frequency of individual electrical pulses (in each phase): 50 hertz

In this exemplary embodiment, a continuous direct or pulsed directcurrent of approximately 1 mA with a current density of greater than0.015 mA/cm² is simultaneously applied transcranially to the brainsomatosensory and motor cortex region controlling the facial muscles 135a.

Fifth Exemplary Embodiment

In a fifth exemplary embodiment of the present invention, as generallyillustrated in FIG. 3E, two pair of electrodes is positioned inelectrical contact with the patient's neck. In addition, at least one ofa pair of electrodes is positioned in electrical contact of the area ofthe cranium overlying the brain somatosensory and motor control of theface and neck 135 a as illustrated in FIG. 4A. This embodiment isparticularly useful for improving posture in patients suffering from aneurological disorder.

More specifically, as shown in FIG. 3E, a first electrode 18 a ispositioned in electrical contact with tissue to stimulate the patient'slower cervical and upper thoracic paraspinal muscles. Most preferably,first electrode 18 a comprises a surface electrode that is positioned onthe patient's skin along at the midpoint of the upper trapezius justlateral to the spinal cord, most preferably near the C6, C7, T1, T2, T3,and/or T4 cervical and thoracic vertebrae. A second electrode 18 b ispositioned is electrical contact with tissue to stimulate the patient'scervical paraspinal muscles. Most preferably, second electrode 18 bcomprises a surface electrode that is positioned on the patient's skinin the posterior neck region just lateral to the one or more of thecervical vertebrae, most preferably near the C1, C2, C3, and/or C4cervical vertebrae. Another pair of electrodes 20 a, 20 b is providedbilaterally in a similar position as generally illustrated in FIG. 3E.

In this exemplary embodiment, the pulse train pattern comprises abiphasic overlapping pulse train pattern having the followingparameters:

Pulse duration of individual electrical pulses: 50-70 microseconds

Current amplitude of individual electrical pulses: 20-70 milliamps

Duration of first phase: 100 milliseconds

Duration of overlap: 20 milliseconds

Duration of second phase: 100 milliseconds

Frequency of pulse train pattern: 1.6 hertz

Total treatment time: 20 minutes

Total number of treatments: 18 (over six weeks)

Frequency of individual electrical pulses (in each phase): 50 hertz

In this exemplary embodiment, a continuous direct or pulsed directcurrent of approximately 1 mA with a current density of greater than0.015 mA/cm² is simultaneously applied transcranially to the brainsomatosensory and motor cortex region controlling the neck muscles 135a.

Sixth Exemplary Embodiment

In a sixth exemplary embodiment of the present invention, as generallyillustrated in FIG. 3F, two pair of electrodes is positioned inelectrical contact with the patient's mid-back or upper back. Inaddition, at least one of a pair of electrodes is positioned inelectrical contact of the area of the cranium overlying the brainsomatosensory and motor control of the mid-back and upper back 135 b asillustrated in FIG. 4A. This embodiment is particularly useful forimproving posture in patients suffering from a neurological disorder.

More specifically, as shown in FIG. 3F, the electrodes are positioned inelectrical contact with the erector spinae and trapezius muscles. Thefirst electrode 18 a is in electrical contact with tissue to stimulatethe patient's thoracic paraspinal muscles. Most preferably, secondelectrode 18 a comprises a surface electrode that is positioned on thepatient's skin in just lateral to the one or more of the thoracicvertebrae, most preferably near the T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, and/or T9thoracic vertebrae. A second electrode 18 b is positioned in electricalcontact with tissue to stimulate the patient's upper thoracic paraspinalmuscles. Most preferably, first electrode 18 a comprises a surfaceelectrode that is positioned on the patient's skin along at the midpointof the upper trapezius just lateral to the spinal cord, most preferablynear the C7, T1, T2, T3, and/or T4 cervical and thoracic vertebrae.Another pair of electrodes 20 a, 20 b is provided bilaterally in asimilar position as generally illustrated in FIG. 3F.

In this exemplary embodiment, the pulse train pattern comprises abiphasic overlapping pulse train pattern having the followingparameters:

Pulse duration of individual electrical pulses: 50-70 microseconds

Current amplitude of individual electrical pulses: 20-70 milliamps

Duration of first phase: 100 milliseconds

Duration of overlap: 20 milliseconds

Duration of second phase: 100 milliseconds

Frequency of pulse train pattern: 1.6 hertz

Total treatment time: 20 minutes

Total number of treatments: 36

Frequency of individual electrical pulses (in each phase): 50 hertz

In this exemplary embodiment, a continuous direct or pulsed directcurrent of approximately 1 mA with a current density of greater than0.015 mA/cm² is simultaneously applied transcranially to the brainsomatosensory and motor cortex region controlling the mid-back and upperback muscles 135 b.

Seventh Exemplary Embodiment

In a seventh exemplary embodiment of the present invention, as generallyillustrated in FIG. 3G, a pair of electrodes is positioned in electricalcontact with the patient's tissue in order to provide electricalstimulation to one or more of the muscles associated with lumbarstabilization. A second pair of electrodes is positioned bilaterally ina similar manner. In addition, at least one of a pair of electrodes ispositioned in electrical contact of the area of the cranium overlyingthe brain somatosensory and motor control of the trunk 135 c asillustrated in FIG. 4A.

More specifically, as shown in FIG. 3G, a first electrode 18 a ispositioned in electrical contact with the tissue of the patient's lumbarregion. Most preferably, first electrode 18 a comprises a surfaceelectrode that is positioned posteriorly on the patient's skin in thelower back region over the lower paraspinal muscles just lateral to oneor more of the lower thoracic and/or lumbar vertebrae, most preferablynear the L1, L2, L3, L4, and/or L5 lumbar vertebrae. A second electrode18 b is positioned is electrical contact with tissue to stimulate thepatient's abdominal muscles. Most preferably, second electrode 18 bcomprises a surface electrode that is positioned anteriorly on thepatient's skin at about the level of the umbilicus, about half-waybetween the anterior superior iliac spine (“ASIS”) and the anteriormidline over the combined abdominal muscle. Another pair of electrodes20 a, 20 b is provided bilaterally in a similar position as generallyillustrated in FIG. 3G.

In this exemplary embodiment, the pulse train pattern comprises atriphasic overlapping pulse train pattern having the followingparameters:

Pulse duration of individual electrical pulses: 50-70 microseconds

Current amplitude of individual electrical pulses: 20-90 milliamps

Duration of first phase: 200 milliseconds

Duration of overlap: 40 milliseconds

Duration of second phase: 200 milliseconds

Duration of overlap: 40 milliseconds

Duration of third phase: 120 milliseconds

Frequency of pulse train pattern: 0.67 hertz

Frequency of individual electrical pulses (in each phase): 50 hertz

Total treatment time: 20 minutes

Total number of treatments: 18 (over six weeks)

In this exemplary embodiment, a continuous direct or pulsed directcurrent of approximately 1 mA with a current density of greater than0.015 mA/cm² is simultaneously applied transcranially to the brainsomatosensory and motor cortex region controlling the lumbar andabdominal muscles 135 c.

Eighth Exemplary Embodiment

In an eighth exemplary embodiment of the present invention, as generallyillustrated in FIG. 3H, four pairs of electrodes are positioned inelectrical contact with the patient's tissue in order to provideelectrical stimulation to one or more of the muscles involved in trunkflexion and extension. Two channels may be used with a bifurcating cableas illustrated in FIG. 3H.

More specifically, as shown in FIG. 3H, a first electrode 18 a ispositioned in electrical contact with the tissue of the patient's upperlumbar and upper abdominal region. Most preferably, first electrode 18 acomprises a surface electrode that is positioned posteriorly on thepatient's skin in the lower back region over the multifidus muscle, justlateral to one or more of the lower thoracic and/or lumbar vertebrae,most preferably near the L1, L2, L3, L4, and/or L5 lumbar vertebrae. Thesecond electrode 18 b of the first channel is also placed posteriorly onthe patient's skin in the lower back region over the multifidus muscle,just lateral to one or more of the lower thoracic and/or lumbarvertebrae, most preferably near the T9, T10, T11, T12, L1, L2, and/or L3lumbar vertebrae. A third electrode 18 c and fourth electrode 18 d areplaced over the same side abdominal muscles at the same vertebral levelto stimulate the patient's lower abdominal muscles. Another set of fourelectrodes 20 a, 20 b, 20 c, and 20 d are provided bilaterally in asimilar position as generally illustrated in FIG. 3H.

In this exemplary embodiment, the pulse train pattern comprises atriphasic overlapping pulse train pattern having the followingparameters:

Pulse duration of individual electrical pulses: 50-70 microseconds

Current amplitude of individual electrical pulses: 20-70 milliamps

Duration of first phase: 200 milliseconds

Duration of overlap: 40 milliseconds

Duration of second phase: 200 milliseconds

Duration of overlap: 40 milliseconds

Duration of third phase: 120 milliseconds

Frequency of pulse train pattern: 0.67 hertz

Frequency of individual electrical pulses (in each phase): 50 hertz

Total treatment time: 20 minutes

Total number of treatments: 18 (over six weeks)

In this exemplary embodiment, a continuous direct or pulsed directcurrent of approximately 1 mA with a current density of greater than0.015 ma/cm² is simultaneously applied transcranially to the brainsomatosensory and motor cortex region controlling the lumbar andabdominal muscles 135 c.

Ninth Exemplary Embodiment

In a ninth exemplary embodiment of the present invention, as generallyillustrated in FIG. 3I, a pair of electrodes is positioned in electricalcontact with the patient's tissue in order to provide electricalstimulation to one or more of the muscles involved in the elbow flexion.A second pair of electrodes is positioned in electrical contact with thepatient's tissue in order to provide stimulation to one or more of themuscles involved in elbow extension. In addition, at least one of a pairof electrodes is positioned in electrical contact of the area of thecranium overlying the brain somatosensory and motor control of the upperextremity 135 b as illustrated in FIG. 4A.

More specifically, as shown in FIG. 3I, first and second electrodes 18a, 18 b are positioned in electrical contact with tissue to stimulatethe biceps brachii muscle of the patient. Most preferably, firstelectrode 18 a comprises a surface electrode that is positioned on thepatient's skin anteriorly on the upper arm above the biceps brachiimuscle insertion. Most preferably, the second electrode 18 b comprises asurface electrode that is positioned anteriorly on the patient's skin onthe upper arm just below the biceps brachii muscle origin. Another pairof electrodes 20 a, 20 b is provided in electrical contact with tissueto stimulate the triceps brachii muscle of the patient. Most preferably,first electrode 20 a comprises a surface electrode that is positionedposteriorly on the patient's skin on the upper arm above the tricepsbrachii muscle insertion. Most preferably, the second electrode 20 bcomprises a surface electrode that is positioned on the patient's skinon the upper arm just above the triceps brachii muscle origin.

During treatment, the first and second channels are positioned on theright or left arm, and a patterned pulse train is applied as discussedmore fully below. It will be appreciated that the muscles involved inelbow flexion and extension may be bilaterally stimulated when theelectrical stimulation device contains at least four channels.Alternatively, two electrical stimulation devices can be used forbilateral stimulation: one to simulate the right arm, and one tostimulate the left arm such as for stimulation of the bilateral bicepsor triceps in a reciprocating functional pattern similar to FIG. 3N.

In this exemplary embodiment, the pulse train pattern comprises atriphasic overlapping pulse train pattern having the followingparameters:

Pulse duration of individual electrical pulses: 50-70 microseconds

Current amplitude of individual electrical pulses: 30-70 milliamps

Duration of first phase: 100 milliseconds

Duration of overlap: 20 milliseconds

Duration of second phase: 100 milliseconds

Duration of overlap: 20 milliseconds

Duration of third phase: 60 milliseconds

Frequency of pulse train pattern: 0.67 seconds

Total treatment time: 20 minutes

Total number of treatments: 18 (over six weeks)

Frequency of individual electrical pulses (in each phase): 50 hertz

In this exemplary embodiment, a continuous direct or pulsed directcurrent of approximately 1 mA with a current density of greater than0.015 ma/cm² is simultaneously applied transcranially to the brainsomatosensory and motor cortex region controlling the upper extremities135 b.

Tenth Exemplary Embodiment

In a tenth exemplary embodiment of the present invention, as generallyillustrated in FIG. 3J, two pairs of electrodes are positioned inelectrical contact with the patient's tissue in order to provideelectrical stimulation to one or more of the muscles involved in theinternal and external rotation of the shoulder. In addition, at leastone of a pair of electrodes is positioned in electrical contact of thearea of the cranium overlying the brain somatosensory and motor controlof the upper extremity 135 b as illustrated in FIG. 4A.

More specifically, as shown in FIG. 3J, first pair of electrodes 18 a,18 b are provided to provide simulation to muscles involved in theinternal rotation of the shoulder. A first electrode 18 a is positionedin electrical contact with tissue to stimulate the biceps brachiimuscle. Most preferably, first electrode 18 a comprises a surfaceelectrode that is positioned on the patient's skin near the midpoint ofthe biceps brachii muscle. A second electrode 18 b is positioned iselectrical contact with tissue to stimulate the patient's pectoralismajor and anterior deltoid muscle. Most preferably, second electrode 18b comprises a surface electrode that is positioned anteriorly on thepatient's skin just above the axilla.

Another pair of electrodes 20 a, 20 b is provided to stimulate themuscles involved in the external rotation of the shoulder. A firstelectrode 20 a is positioned in electrical contact with tissue tostimulate the triceps brachi muscle. Most preferably, first electrode 20a comprises a surface electrode that is positioned in near the midpointof the triceps brachii. A second electrode 20 b is positioned iselectrical contact with tissue to stimulate the infraspinatus teresminor and the posterior deltoid muscle. Most preferably, secondelectrode 20 b comprises a surface electrode that is positionedposteriorly on the patient's skin just above the underarm.

During treatment, the first and second channels are positioned on theright or left arm, and a patterned pulse train is applied as discussedmore fully below. It will be appreciated that the muscles involved inshoulder rotation may be bilaterally stimulated when the electricalstimulation device contains at least four channels. Alternatively, twoelectrical stimulation devices can be used for bilateral stimulation:one to simulate the right shoulder, and one to stimulate the leftshoulder.

In this exemplary embodiment, the pulse train pattern comprises atriphasic overlapping pulse train pattern having the followingparameters:

Pulse duration of individual electrical pulses: 50-70 microseconds

Current amplitude of individual electrical pulses: 30-70 milliamps

Duration of first phase: 100 milliseconds

Duration of overlap: 20 milliseconds

Duration of second phase: 100 milliseconds

Duration of overlap: 20 milliseconds

Duration of third phase: 60 milliseconds

Frequency of pulse train pattern: 0.67 hertz

Total treatment time: 20 minutes

Total number of treatments: 18 (over six weeks)

Frequency of individual electrical pulses (in each phase): 50 hertz

In this exemplary embodiment, a continuous direct or pulsed directcurrent of approximately 1 mA with a current density of greater than0.015 ma/cm² is simultaneously applied transcranially to the brainsomatosensory and motor cortex region controlling the upper extremities135 b.

Eleventh Exemplary Embodiment

In an eleventh exemplary embodiment of the present invention, asgenerally illustrated in FIG. 3J, two pairs of electrodes are positionedin electrical contact with the patient's tissue in order to provideelectrical stimulation to one or more of the muscles involved in theflexion and extension of the shoulder and elbow. In addition, at leastone of a pair of electrodes is positioned in electrical contact of thearea of the cranium overlying the brain somatosensory and motor controlof the upper extremity 135 b as illustrated in FIG. 4A

More specifically, as shown in FIG. 3J, first pair of electrodes 18 a,18 b are provided to provide simulation to muscles involved in theflexion of the shoulder and elbow. A first electrode 18 a is positionedin electrical contact with tissue to stimulate the biceps brachiimuscle. Most preferably, first electrode 18 a comprises a surfaceelectrode that is positioned on the patient's skin near the midpoint ofthe biceps brachii muscle. A second electrode 18 b is positioned iselectrical contact with tissue to stimulate the patient's anteriordeltoid muscle. Most preferably, second electrode 18 b comprises asurface electrode that is positioned anteriorly on the patient's skinjust above the axilla.

Another pair of electrodes 20 a, 20 b is provided to stimulate themuscles involved in the extension of the shoulder. A first electrode 20a is positioned in electrical contact with tissue to stimulate thetriceps brachi muscle. Most preferably, first electrode 20 a comprises asurface electrode that is positioned in near the distal end of thetriceps brachii. A second electrode 20 b is positioned is electricalcontact with tissue to stimulate the posterior deltoid muscle. Mostpreferably, second electrode 20 b comprises a surface electrode that ispositioned posteriorly on the patient's skin just above the axilla.

During treatment, the first and second channels are positioned on theright or left arm, and a patterned pulse train is applied as discussedmore fully below. It will be appreciated that the muscles involved inshoulder rotation may be bilaterally stimulated when the electricalstimulation device contains at least four channels. Alternatively, twoelectrical stimulation devices can be used for bilateral stimulation:one to simulate the right shoulder, and one to stimulate the leftshoulder.

In this exemplary embodiment, the pulse train pattern comprises atriphasic overlapping pulse train pattern having the followingparameters:

Pulse duration of individual electrical pulses: 50-70 microseconds

Current amplitude of individual electrical pulses: 30-70 milliamps

Duration of first phase: 100 milliseconds

Duration of overlap: 20 milliseconds

Duration of second phase: 100 milliseconds

Duration of overlap: 20 milliseconds

Duration of third phase: 60 milliseconds

Frequency of pulse train pattern: 0.67 hertz

Total treatment time: 20 minutes

Total number of treatments: 18 (over six weeks)

Frequency of individual electrical pulses (in each phase): 50 hertz

In this exemplary embodiment, a continuous direct or pulsed directcurrent of approximately 1 mA with a current density of greater than0.015 ma/cm² is simultaneously applied transcranially to the brainsomatosensory and motor cortex region controlling the upper extremities135 b.

Twelfth Exemplary Embodiment

In an twelfth exemplary embodiment of the present invention, alsogenerally illustrated in FIG. 3L, a pair of electrodes is positioned inelectrical contact with the patient's tissue in order to provideelectrical stimulation to one or more of the muscles associated withwrist flexion, extension, pronation and supination and extension and/orfinger flexion and extension as a treatment for neurological disordersin the upper extremities. The treated muscles include the flexordigitorum superficialis, flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris,extensor digitorum extensor digiti minimi muscle, extensor carpiulnaris, extensor carpi radialis longus, and/or extensor carpi radialisbrevis. In addition, at least one of a pair of electrodes is positionedin electrical contact of the area of the cranium overlying the brainsomatosensory and motor control of the upper extremity 135 b asillustrated in FIG. 4A.

More specifically, as generally shown in FIG. 3L, a two-channel systemis used to apply electrical stimulation to muscles of the wrist andfingers. In the first channel, a first electrode 18 a is positioned inelectrical contact with tissue of the proximal palmar surface tostimulate the hand intrinsic muscles. Most preferably, first electrode18 a comprises a surface electrode that is positioned on the patient'sskin across the thenar and the hypothenar eminence on thepalmar/anterior side of the forearm at the base of the wrist just belowthe wrist crease. A second electrode is positioned in electrical contactwith tissue to stimulate the muscles of the volar surface of theproximal forearm. Most preferably, second electrode 18 b comprises asurface electrode that is positioned on the patient's skin on thepalmar/anterior side of lower arm just below the elbow joint.

For the second channel, the first electrode 20 a is positioned inelectrical contact with a tissue to stimulate a motor point of thepatient's extensor digitorum and pollicis muscles. Most preferably,first electrode 20 a comprises a surface electrode that is positioned onthe patient's skin on the dorsal/posterior side of the lower arm about ⅓of the way between the wrist crease and elbow joint The second electrode20 b is positioned in electrical contact with tissue to stimulate amotor point of the patient's proximal extensor muscles of the forearm.Most preferably, second electrode 20 b comprises a surface electrodethat is positioned on the patient's skin on the dorsal/posterior side ofthe lower arm just below the elbow joint.

During treatment, the first and second channels are positioned on theright or left arm, and a patterned pulse train is applied to the arm andwrist as discussed more fully below. It will be appreciated that themuscles involved in wrist extension and flexion may be bilaterallystimulated when the electrical stimulation device contains at least fourchannels. Alternatively, two electrical stimulation devices can be usedfor bilateral stimulation: one to simulate the right wrist and fingers,and one to stimulate the left wrist and fingers.

In this exemplary embodiment, the pulse train pattern comprises atriphasic overlapping pulse train pattern having the followingparameters:

Pulse duration of individual electrical pulses: 50-70 microseconds

Current amplitude of individual electrical pulses: 30-70 milliamps

Duration of first phase: 100 milliseconds

Duration of overlap: 20 milliseconds

Duration of second phase: 100 milliseconds

Duration of overlap: 20 milliseconds

Duration of third phase: 60 milliseconds

Frequency of pulse train pattern: 0.67 hertz

Total treatment time: 20 minutes

Total number of treatments: 18 (over six weeks)

Frequency of individual electrical pulses (in each phase): 50 hertz

In this exemplary embodiment, a continuous direct or pulsed directcurrent of approximately 1 mA with a current density of greater than0.015 ma/cm² is simultaneously applied transcranially to the brainsomatosensory and motor cortex region controlling the upper extremities135 b.

Thirteenth Exemplary Embodiment

In a thirteenth exemplary embodiment of the present invention, asgenerally illustrated in FIG. 3M, two pairs pair of electrodes arepositioned in electrical contact with the patient's tissue in order toprovide electrical stimulation to one or more of the muscles involved inmovements of the upper extremities.

More specifically, as shown in FIG. 3M, first pair of electrodes 18 a,18 b are provided to provide simulation to the anterior portion of thearm. A first electrode 18 a is positioned in electrical contact withtissue of the proximal palmar surface to stimulate the hand intrinsicmuscles. Most preferably, first electrode 18 a comprises a surfaceelectrode that is positioned on the patient's skin across the thenar andthe hypothenar eminence on the palmar/anterior side of the forearm atthe base of the wrist just below the wrist crease. A second electrode 18b is positioned is electrical contact with tissue to stimulate thepatient's biceps brachii muscles and median and ulnar nerves. Mostpreferably, second electrode 18 b comprises a surface electrode that ispositioned anterior and medially (to capture the median and ulnar nervebundle) on the patient's skin near the midpoint of the biceps brachiimuscle.

Another pair of electrodes 20 a, 20 b is provided to stimulate theposterior muscles of the arm. The first electrode 20 a is positioned inelectrical contact with tissue to stimulate a motor point of thepatient's proximal extensor muscles of the forearm. Most preferably,first electrode 20 a comprises a surface electrode that is positioned onthe patient's skin on the dorsal/posterior side of the lower arm justbelow the elbow joint A second electrode 20 b is positioned iselectrical contact with tissue to stimulate the patient's tricepsbrachii muscles. Most preferably, second electrode 20 b comprises asurface electrode that is positioned posteriorly on the patient's skinnear the midpoint of the triceps brachii muscle.

During treatment, the first and second channels are positioned on theright or left arm, and a patterned pulse train is applied to the arm andwrist as discussed more fully below. It will be appreciated that themuscles involved in arm movement may be bilaterally stimulated when theelectrical stimulation device contains at least four channels.Alternatively, two electrical stimulation devices can be used forbilateral stimulation: one to simulate the right wrist and fingers, andone to stimulate the left wrist and fingers.

In this exemplary embodiment, the pulse train pattern comprises atriphasic overlapping pulse train pattern having the followingparameters:

Pulse duration of individual electrical pulses: 50-70 microseconds

Current amplitude of individual electrical pulses: 30-70 milliamps

Duration of first phase: 100 milliseconds

Duration of overlap: 20 milliseconds

Duration of second phase: 100 milliseconds

Duration of overlap: 20 milliseconds

Duration of third phase: 60 milliseconds

Frequency of pulse train pattern: 0.67 hertz

Total treatment time: 20 minutes

Total number of treatments: 18 (over six weeks)

Frequency of individual electrical pulses (in each phase): 50 hertz

In this exemplary embodiment, a continuous direct or pulsed directcurrent of approximately 1 mA with a current density of greater than0.015 ma/cm² is simultaneously applied transcranially to the brainsomatosensory and motor cortex region controlling the upper extremities135 b.

Fourteenth Exemplary Embodiment

In a fourteenth exemplary embodiment of the present invention, asgenerally illustrated in FIG. 3N, two pairs of electrodes are positionedin electrical contact with the patient's tissue in order to provideelectrical stimulation to the patient's triceps brachii muscles. Inaddition, at least one of a pair of electrodes is positioned inelectrical contact of the area of the cranium overlying the brainsomatosensory and motor control of the upper extremity 135 b asillustrated in FIG. 4A. An alternative placement is illustrated in FIG.4D using a two channel stimulator placed bilaterally over the brainsomatosensory and motor control of the upper extremity 135 b. Thepatient is preferably instructed to participate in alternatingreciprocal movements during treatment, such as those involved incycling.

More specifically, as shown in FIG. 3N, first and second electrodes 18a, 18 b are positioned in electrical contact with tissue to stimulatethe triceps brachii muscle of the patient. Another pair of electrodes 20a, 20 b is provided in electrical contact with tissue to stimulate theother triceps brachii muscle of the patient.

In this exemplary embodiment, the pulse train pattern comprises afunctional pulse train pattern having the following parameters:

Pulse duration of individual electrical pulses: 50-70 microseconds

Current amplitude of individual electrical pulses: 30-70 milliamps

Duration of first phase: 200 milliseconds

Duration of delay: 300 milliseconds

Duration of second phase: 200 milliseconds

Duration of delay: 300 milliseconds

Frequency of pulse train pattern: 1.0 hertz

Total treatment time: 10-20 minutes

Total number of treatments: 18 (over six weeks)

Frequency of individual electrical pulses (in each phase): 50 hertz

In this exemplary embodiment, a continuous direct or pulsed directcurrent of approximately 1 mA with a current density of greater than0.015 ma/cm² is simultaneously applied transcranially to the brainsomatosensory and motor cortex region controlling the upper extremities135 b either unilaterally as in FIG. 4A or bilaterally as in FIG. 4D.The timing parameters to be adjusted for the desired speed or cycles perminute. The current embodiment demonstrates timing pattern for upperextremity cycling at 1 Hz.

Fifteenth Exemplary Embodiment

In a fifteenth exemplary embodiment of the present invention, as shownin FIG. 3O, two pairs of electrodes are positioned in electrical contactwith the patient's tissue in order to provide electrical stimulation toone or more of the muscles involved in movements of the scapula,specifically scapular abduction and upward rotation.

More specifically, as shown in FIG. 3O, first pair of electrodes 18 a,18 b are supplied to provide simulation to the upper and mid trapeziusand rhomboids. Most preferably, first electrode 18 a comprises a surfaceelectrode that is positioned on the patient's skin across the mid pointof the upper trapezius, and the second electrode 18 b comprises asurface electrode that is positioned on the patient's skin to stimulatethe trapezius and lower cervical and upper thoracic paraspinal musclesnear the C6, C7, T1, T2, T3, and/or T4 cervical and thoracic vertebrae

The second pair of electrodes 20 a, 20 b are applied to providestimulation to the lower trapezius and serratus anterior muscles andnerves. The first electrode 20 a of the second channel is positioned inelectrical contact with tissue to simulate the serratus anterior muscle,and the second electrode 20 b is positioned in electrical contact withtissue to simulate the lower trapezius muscle and the thoracicparaspinal muscles near the T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, and/or T9 thoracicvertebrae of said patient,

In this exemplary embodiment, the pulse train pattern comprises atriphasic overlapping pulse train pattern having the followingparameters:

Pulse duration of individual electrical pulses: 50-70 microseconds

Current amplitude of individual electrical pulses: 30-70 milliamps

Duration of first phase: 100 milliseconds

Duration of overlap: 20 milliseconds

Duration of second phase: 100 milliseconds

Duration of overlap: 20 milliseconds

Duration of third phase: 60 milliseconds

Frequency of pulse train pattern: 0.67 hertz

Total treatment time: 20 minutes

Total number of treatments: 18 (over six weeks)

Frequency of individual electrical pulses (in each phase): 50 hertz

In this exemplary embodiment, a continuous direct or pulsed directcurrent of approximately 1 mA with a current density of greater than0.015 ma/cm² is simultaneously applied transcranially to the brainsomatosensory and motor cortex region controlling the upper extremities135 b.

Sixteenth Exemplary Embodiment

In a sixteenth exemplary embodiment of the present invention, asgenerally illustrated in FIG. 3P, two pairs pair of electrodes arepositioned in electrical contact with the patient's tissue in order toprovide electrical stimulation to one or more of the muscles involved inmovements of the upper extremities.

More specifically, as shown in FIG. 3P, first pair of electrodes 18 a,18 b are provided to provide simulation to the posterior portion of thearm. A first electrode 18 a is positioned in electrical contact withtissue of the posterior lateral neck surface. Most preferably, firstelectrode 18 a comprises a surface electrode that is positioned on thepatient's skin posterior lateral neck surface in the region of C6, C7,and T1. A second electrode 18 b is positioned is electrical contact withtissue to stimulate the patient's posterior deltoid muscle. Mostpreferably, second electrode 18 b comprises a surface electrode that ispositioned on the dorsal surface of the deltoid muscle, posterior andinferior to the acromion.

Another pair of electrodes 20 a, 20 b is provided to stimulate theposterior muscles of the arm. The first electrode 20 a is positioned inelectrical contact with tissue to stimulate a motor point of thepatient's proximal extensor muscles of the forearm. Most preferably,first electrode 20 a comprises a surface electrode that is positioned onthe patient's skin on the dorsal/posterior side of the lower arm, overthe extensor carpi radialis longus origin. A second electrode 20 b ispositioned is electrical contact with tissue to stimulate the patient'sfirst dorsal interosseus muscle. Most preferably, second electrode 20 bcomprises a surface electrode that is positioned posteriorly on thepatient's skin in the web-space between the thumb and first metacarpalbone.

During treatment, the first and second channels are positioned on theright or left arm, and a patterned pulse train is applied to the arm asdiscussed more fully below. It will be appreciated that the musclesinvolved in arm movement may be bilaterally stimulated when theelectrical stimulation device contains at least four channels.Alternatively, two electrical stimulation devices can be used forbilateral stimulation: one to simulate the right upper extremity, andone to stimulate the left upper extremity.

In this exemplary embodiment, the pulse train pattern comprises a lowfrequency pulse train pattern or a frequency-sequenced pulse burst trainpattern having the following parameters:

Low Frequency Pulse Train Pattern:

Pulse duration of individual electrical pulses: 200 microseconds

Current amplitude of individual electrical pulses: 10-50 milliamps

Total treatment time: 20 minutes

Total number of treatments: 18 (over six weeks)

Frequency of individual electrical pulses (in each phase): 50 hertz

Frequency Sequenced Pulse Burst Train Pattern

Carrier Frequency: 500 Hz-100,000 Hz

First Sequence Burst Frequency: 2-20 Hz for up to 10 minutes

Second Sequence Burst Frequency: 0.1 Hz-5 Hz for up to thirty minutes

Third Sequence Burst Frequency: 20 Hz-250 Hz for up to 20 minutes

Current amplitude of individual electrical pulses: 10-50 milliamps

Total treatment time: up to 60 minutes

Total number of treatments: 18 (over six weeks)

In this exemplary embodiment, a continuous direct or pulsed directcurrent of approximately 1 mA with a current density of greater than0.015 mA/cm² is simultaneously applied transcranially to the brainsomatosensory and motor cortex region controlling the upper extremities135 b.

Seventeenth Exemplary Embodiment

In a seventeenth exemplary embodiment of the present invention, asgenerally illustrated in FIG. 3Q, two pairs pair of electrodes arepositioned in electrical contact with the patient's tissue in order toprovide electrical stimulation to one or more of the muscles involved inmovements of the lower extremities.

More specifically, as shown in FIG. 3Q, first pair of electrodes 18 a,18 b are provided to provide simulation to the anterior portion of thelower extremity. A first electrode 18 a is positioned in electricalcontact with tissue of the thigh above the patella. Most preferably,first electrode 18 a comprises a surface electrode that is positioned onthe patient's skin approximately 2 body inches proximal to the medialsuperior border of the patella over the quadricep muscles, such as thevastus medialis. A second electrode 18 b is positioned is electricalcontact with tissue to stimulate the patient's anterior tibialis. Mostpreferably, second electrode 18 b comprises a surface electrode that ispositioned anterior and inferior to the fibular head.

Another pair of electrodes 20 a, 20 b is provided to stimulate thelateral leg and dorsal foot muscles and nerves. The first electrode 20 ais positioned in electrical contact with tissue to stimulate the distalperoneal muscles. Most preferably, first electrode 20 a comprises asurface electrode that is positioned on the patient's skin on the apoint three body inches above the lateral malleolus between theposterior border of the fibula over the peroneus tendons. A secondelectrode 20 b is positioned is electrical contact with tissue tostimulate the extensor digitorum brevis muscle and deep peroneal nerve.Most preferably, second electrode 20 b comprises a surface electrodethat is positioned on the dorsum of the foot, over the first threemetatarsal bones.

During treatment, the first and second channels are positioned on theright or left lower extremity and a patterned pulse train is applied tothe arm as discussed more fully below. It will be appreciated that themuscles involved in arm movement may be bilaterally stimulated when theelectrical stimulation device contains at least four channels.Alternatively, two electrical stimulation devices can be used forbilateral stimulation: one to simulate the right lower extremity, andone to stimulate the left lower extremity.

In this exemplary embodiment, the pulse train pattern comprises a lowfrequency pulse train pattern or a frequency-sequenced pulse burst trainpattern having the following parameters:

Low Frequency Pulse Train Pattern:

Pulse duration of individual electrical pulses: 200 microseconds

Current amplitude of individual electrical pulses: 10-50 milliamps

Total treatment time: 20 minutes

Total number of treatments: 18 (over six weeks)

Frequency of individual electrical pulses (in each phase): 50 hertz

Frequency Sequenced Pulse Burst Train Pattern

Carrier Frequency: 500 Hz-100,000 Hz

First Sequence Burst Frequency: 2-20 Hz for up to 10 minutes

Second Sequence Burst Frequency: 0.1 Hz-5 Hz for up to thirty minutes

Third Sequence Burst Frequency: 20 Hz-250 Hz for up to 20 minutes

Current amplitude of individual electrical pulses: 10-50 milliamps

Total treatment time: up to 60 minutes

Total number of treatments: 18 (over six weeks)

In this exemplary embodiment, a continuous direct or pulsed directcurrent of approximately 1 mA with a current density of greater than0.015 mA/cm² is simultaneously applied transcranially to the brainsomatosensory and motor cortex region controlling the lower extremities135 c.

Eighteenth Exemplary Embodiment

In a eighteenth exemplary embodiment of the present invention, asgenerally illustrated in FIG. 3R, a pair of electrodes is positioned inelectrical contact with the patient's tissue in order to provideelectrical stimulation to one or more of the muscles associated with toeand ankle dorsiflexion (or extension) and flexion (or plantar flexion)as a treatment for neurological disorders afflicting the lowerextremities. In addition, at least one of a pair of electrodes ispositioned in electrical contact of the area of the cranium overlyingthe brain somatosensory and motor control of the lower extremity 135 cas illustrated in FIG. 4A.

More specifically, as generally shown in FIG. 3R, a two-channel systemis used to apply electrical stimulation to agonist/antagonist musclesinvolved in toe and ankle extension/flexion. In the first channel, afirst electrode 18 a is positioned is electrical contact with tissue tostimulate the motor point of the extensor digitorum brevis muscle (whichextends the joints of the proximal phalanges of toes 1-4). Mostpreferably, second electrode 18 b comprises a surface electrode that ispositioned on the patient's skin at the anterior lateral mid shaft ofthe leg over the mid tibialis anterior and the approximate mid belly ofthe extensor digitorum longus and extensor hallicus longus. Mostpreferably, first electrode 18 a comprises a surface electrode that ispositioned on the patient's skin about mid-leg.

For the second channel, a first electrode 20 a is positioned iselectrical contact with tissue to stimulate the intrinsic muscles of thefoot. Most preferably, first electrode 20 a comprises a surfaceelectrode that is positioned on the patient's skin on the sole of thefoot at the anterior one-third junction to include the abductorhallucis. The second electrode 20 b is positioned in electrical contactwith tissue to stimulate the posterior tibialis and flexor hallicusmuscles.

During treatment, the first and second channels are positioned on theright or left leg, and a patterned pulse train is applied to the leg asdiscussed more fully below. It will be appreciated that the musclesinvolved in toe extension and flexion may be bilaterally stimulated whenthe electrical stimulation device contains at least four channels.Alternatively, two electrical stimulation devices can be used forbilateral stimulation: one to simulate the right leg, and one tostimulate the left leg.

In this exemplary embodiment, the pulse train pattern comprises atriphasic overlapping pulse train pattern having the followingparameters:

Pulse duration of individual electrical pulses: 50-70 microseconds

Current amplitude of individual electrical pulses: 30-70 milliamps

Duration of first phase: 200 milliseconds

Duration of overlap between first and second phase: 40 milliseconds

Duration of second phase: 200 milliseconds

Duration of overlap between second and third phase: 40 milliseconds

Duration of third phase: 120 milliseconds

Frequency of pulse train pattern: 0.67 hertz

Total treatment time: 20 minutes

Total number of treatments: 18 during six weeks

Frequency of individual electrical pulses (in each phase): 50 Hz

In this exemplary embodiment, a continuous direct or pulsed directcurrent of approximately 1 mA with a current density of greater than0.015 ma/cm² is simultaneously applied transcranially to the brainsomatosensory and motor cortex region controlling the lower extremities135 c. If the bilateral lower extremities are involved, the transcranialstimulation could be applied bilaterally with the positive electrodeplaced as described in 135 c on each side of the cranium and thenegative electrodes placed either on the forehead utilizing largerelectrodes or on a neutral position over the upper shoulder.

Nineteenth Exemplary Embodiment

In a nineteenth exemplary embodiment of the present invention, generallyillustrated in FIG. 3S, a pair of electrodes is positioned in electricalcontact with the patient's tissue in order to provide electricalstimulation to one or more of the muscles associated with ankledorsiflexion and eversion and plantar flexion as a treatment forneurological disorders that afflict the lower extremities. In addition,at least one of a pair of electrodes is positioned in electrical contactof the area of the cranium overlying the brain somatosensory and motorcontrol of the lower extremity 135 c as illustrated in FIG. 4A.

More specifically, as shown in FIG. 3S, a two-channel system is used toapply electrical stimulation to muscles involved in ankle dorsiflexionand plantar flexion and/or ankle inversion and eversion. In the firstchannel (panel 1 of FIG. 3S), a first electrode 18 a is positioned iselectrical contact with tissue to stimulate the lower portion of thetibialis anterior muscle. Most preferably, first electrode 18 acomprises a surface electrode that is positioned on the patient's skinover the mid belly of the anterior tibialis. A second electrode 18 b ispositioned in electrical contact with tissue to stimulate the patient'sproximal tibialis anterior muscle. Most preferably, second electrode 18b comprises a surface electrode that is positioned on the patient's skininferior to the fibular head.

Alternatively, in the first channel (panel 2 of FIG. 3S), a firstelectrode 18 a is positioned is electrical contact with tissue tostimulate the anterior and lateral muscles of the leg. Most preferably,first electrode 18 a comprises a surface electrode that is positioned onthe patient's skin mid belly of the anterior tibialis as well as theperoneus muscles. A second electrode 18 b is positioned in electricalcontact with tissue to stimulate the patient's proximal tibialisanterior muscle. Most preferably, second electrode 18 b comprises asurface electrode that is positioned on the patient's skin inferior tothe fibular head.

For the second channel (panel 3 of FIG. 3S), a first electrode 20 a andsecond electrode 20 b are positioned in electrical contact with tissueto stimulate the patient's triceps surae Most preferably, firstelectrode 20 a comprises a surface electrode that is positioned on thepatient's skin directly over the junction of the gastrocnemius and thesoleus muscles. Most preferably, second electrode 20 b comprises asurface electrode that is positioned on the patient's skin posteriorlyjust inferior to the popliteal fossa over the tibial nerve and the twoheads of the gastrocnemius muscle.

During treatment, the first and second channels are positioned on theright or left leg, and a patterned pulse train is applied to the leg asdiscussed more fully below. It will be appreciated that the musclesinvolved in toe extension and flexion may be bilaterally stimulated whenthe electrical stimulation device contains at least four channels.Alternatively, two electrical stimulation devices can be used forbilateral stimulation: one to simulate the right leg, and one tostimulate the left leg.

In this exemplary embodiment, the pulse train pattern comprises atriphasic overlapping pulse train pattern or a functional pattern thattypically creates ankle dorsiflexion and eversion having the followingparameters:

Triphasic Overlapping Pulse Train Pattern

Pulse duration of individual electrical pulses: 50-70 microseconds

Current amplitude of individual electrical pulses: 30-70 milliamps

Duration of first phase: 200 milliseconds

Duration of overlap between first and second phase: 40 milliseconds

Duration of second phase: 200 milliseconds

Duration of overlap between second and third phase: 40 milliseconds

Duration of third phase: 120 milliseconds

Frequency of pulse train pattern: 0.67 hertz

Total treatment time: 20 minutes

Total number of treatments: 18 during six weeks

Frequency of individual electrical pulses (in each phase): 50 Hz

Functional Pattern for ankle dorsiflexion and eversion

Pulse duration of individual electrical pulses: 50-200 microseconds

Current amplitude of individual electrical pulses: 30-140 milliamps

Duration of first phase: 400 milliseconds

Duration of overlap: 250 milliseconds

Duration of second phase: 250 milliseconds

Frequency of pulse train pattern: 1.0 hertz

Total treatment time: up to 30 minutes

Total number of treatments: 18 (over six weeks)

Frequency of individual electrical pulses (in each phase): 50 hertz

In this exemplary embodiment, a continuous direct or pulsed directcurrent of approximately 1 mA with a current density of greater than0.015 mA/cm² is simultaneously applied transcranially to the brainsomatosensory and motor cortex region controlling the lower extremities135 c.

Twentieth Exemplary Embodiment

In an twentieth exemplary embodiment of the present invention, generallyillustrated in FIG. 3T, a pair of electrodes is positioned in electricalcontact with the patient's tissue in order to provide electricalstimulation to one or more of the muscles associated with the lowerextremities as a treatment for neurological disorders that afflict thelower extremities. In addition, at least one of a pair of electrodes ispositioned in electrical contact of the area of the cranium overlyingthe brain somatosensory and motor control of the lower extremity 135 cas illustrated in FIG. 4A.

More specifically, as generally shown in FIG. 3T, a two-channel systemis used to apply electrical stimulation to muscles involved in movementof the lower extremity. In the first channel, a first electrode 18 a ispositioned in electrical contact with tissue to stimulate the patient'sproximal tibialis anterior muscle. Most preferably, second electrode 18b comprises a surface electrode that is positioned on the patient's skininferior to the fibular head. A second electrode 18 b is positioned inelectrical contact with tissue to stimulate the mid point of thequadriceps muscles. In the second channel, a first electrode 20 a ispositioned is electrical contact with tissue to stimulate the patient'striceps surae. A second electrode 20 b is positioned in electricalcontact with tissue to stimulate the mid hamstrings.

During treatment, the first and second channels are positioned on theright or left leg, and a patterned pulse train is applied to the leg asdiscussed more fully below. It will be appreciated that the musclesinvolved in toe extension and flexion may be bilaterally stimulated whenthe electrical stimulation device contains at least four channels.Alternatively, two electrical stimulation devices can be used forbilateral stimulation: one to simulate the right leg, and one tostimulate the left leg.

In this exemplary embodiment, the pulse train pattern comprises atriphasic overlapping pulse train pattern having the followingparameters:

Pulse duration of individual electrical pulses: 50-100 microseconds

Current amplitude of individual electrical pulses: 30-90 milliamps

Duration of first phase: 200 milliseconds

Duration of overlap between first and second phase: 40 milliseconds

Duration of second phase: 200 milliseconds

Duration of overlap between second and third phase: 40 milliseconds

Duration of third phase: 120 milliseconds

Frequency of pulse train pattern: 0.67 hertz

Total treatment time: 20 minutes

Total number of treatments: 18 during six weeks

Frequency of individual electrical pulses (in each phase): 50 Hz

In this exemplary embodiment, a continuous direct or pulsed directcurrent of approximately 1 mA with a current density of greater than0.015 ma/cm² is simultaneously applied transcranially to the brainsomatosensory and motor cortex region controlling the lower extremities135 c.

Twenty-First Exemplary Embodiment

In a twenty-first exemplary embodiment of the present invention,generally illustrated in FIG. 3U, a pair of electrodes is positioned inelectrical contact with the patient's tissue in order to provideelectrical stimulation to one or more of the muscles associated with hipabduction and knee extension as well as hip adduction and knee flexion(stabilization) as a treatment for neurological disorders that afflictthe lower extremities. In addition, at least one of a pair of electrodesis positioned in electrical contact of the area of the cranium overlyingthe brain somatosensory and motor control of the lower extremity 135 cas illustrated in FIG. 4A.

More specifically, as generally shown in FIG. 3U, a two-channel systemis used to apply electrical stimulation to muscles involved in hipabduction/adduction and knee extension/flexion. In the first channel, afirst electrode 18 a is positioned is electrical contact with thequadricep muscles, and in particular to stimulate the motor point of thevastus medialis, which functions as an extensor of the knee. A secondelectrode 18 b is positioned in electrical contact with tissue tostimulate the gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, and tensor faciae latae.Preferably, the second electrode 18 b is positioned about midway betweenthe iliac crest and the greater trochanter. In the second channel, afirst electrode 20 a is positioned is electrical contact with tissue tostimulate the patient's hamstring muscles (biceps femoris,semitendinosus, and/or semimembraneous muscles) A second electrode 20 bis positioned in electrical contact with tissue to stimulate theadductor magnus, adductor longus, adductor brevis, and medial hamstringmuscles.

The far right panel of FIG. 3U shows the hip extensor alternativeplacement: In the second channel, a first electrode 20 a is positionedin electrical contact with tissue to stimulate the adductor magnus,adductor longus, adductor brevis and medial hamstring muscles. A secondelectrode 20 b is positioned in electrical contact with tissue tostimulate the mid-belly of the gluteus maximus.

During treatment, the first and second channels are positioned on theright or left leg, and a patterned pulse train is applied to the leg asdiscussed more fully below. It will be appreciated that the musclesinvolved in hip abduction/adduction and knee extension/flexion may bebilaterally stimulated when the electrical stimulation device containsat least four channels. Alternatively, two electrical stimulationdevices can be used for bilateral stimulation: one to simulate the rightleg, and one to stimulate the left leg.

In this exemplary embodiment, the pulse train pattern comprises atriphasic overlapping pulse train pattern having the followingparameters:

Pulse duration of individual electrical pulses: 50-200 microseconds

Current amplitude of individual electrical pulses: 30-140 milliamps

Duration of first phase: 200 milliseconds

Duration of overlap between first and second phase: 40 milliseconds

Duration of second phase: 200 milliseconds

Duration of overlap between second and third phase: 40 milliseconds

Duration of third phase: 120 milliseconds

Frequency of pulse train pattern: 0.67 hertz

Total treatment time: 20 minutes

Total number of treatments: 18 during six weeks

Frequency of individual electrical pulses (in each phase): 50 Hz

In this exemplary embodiment, a continuous direct or pulsed directcurrent of approximately 1 mA with a current density of greater than0.015 ma/cm² is simultaneously applied transcranially to the brainsomatosensory and motor cortex region controlling the lower extremities135 c. For bilateral neuromuscular stimulation, the pattern would bebiphasic and sequenced from one extremity to the other. If the bilaterallower extremities are involved, the transcranial stimulation could beapplied bilaterally with the positive electrode placed as described in135 c on each side of the cranium and the negative electrodes placedeither on the forehead utilizing larger electrodes or on a neutralposition over the upper trapezium.

Twentieth-Second Exemplary Embodiment

In a twenty-second exemplary embodiment of the present invention,generally illustrated in FIG. 3V, a pair of electrodes is positioned inelectrical contact with the patient's tissue in order to provideelectrical stimulation to one or more of the muscles associated withknee extension and flexion as a treatment for neurological disordersthat afflict the lower extremities. In addition, at least one of a pairof electrodes is positioned in electrical contact of the area of thecranium overlying the brain somatoensory and motor control of the lowerextremity 135 c as illustrated in FIG. 4A

More specifically, as generally shown in FIG. 3V, a two-channel systemis used to apply electrical stimulation to muscles involved in kneeextension/flexion. In the first channel, a first electrode 18 a ispositioned in electrical contact with tissue to stimulate the rectusfemoris and vastus lateralis muscles. A second electrode 18 b ispositioned is electrical contact with the vastus medialis muscles, andin particular to stimulate a motor point of the on the vastus medialis,which functions as an extensor of the knee. In the second channel, theelectrode 20 a is positioned in electrical contact with tissue tostimulate the distal portion of the patient's biceps femoris,semimembranosus, and/or semitendinosus muscles. Electrode 20 b ispositioned in electrical contact with tissue to stimulate the proximalportion of the patient's biceps femoris, semimembranosus, and/orsemitendinosus muscles.

During treatment, the first and second channels are positioned on theright or left leg, and a patterned pulse train is applied to the leg asdiscussed more fully below. It will be appreciated that the musclesinvolved in hip knee extension/flexion may be bilaterally stimulatedwhen the electrical stimulation device contains at least four channels.Alternatively, two electrical stimulation devices can be used forbilateral stimulation: one to simulate the right leg, and one tostimulate the left leg.

In this exemplary embodiment, the pulse train pattern comprises atriphasic overlapping pulse train pattern having the followingparameters:

Pulse duration of individual electrical pulses: 50-200 microseconds

Current amplitude of individual electrical pulses: 30-140 milliamps

Duration of first phase: 200 milliseconds

Duration of overlap between first and second phase: 40 milliseconds

Duration of second phase: 200 milliseconds

Duration of overlap between second and third phase: 40 milliseconds

Duration of third phase: 120 milliseconds

Frequency of pulse train pattern: 0.67 hertz

Total treatment time: 20 minutes

Total number of treatments: 18 during six weeks

Frequency of individual electrical pulses (in each phase): 50 Hz

In this exemplary embodiment, a continuous direct or pulsed directcurrent of approximately 1 mA with a current density of greater than0.015 ma/cm² is simultaneously applied transcranially to the brainsomatosensory and motor cortex region controlling the lower extremities135 c.

Twenty-Third Exemplary Embodiment

In a twenty-third exemplary embodiment of the present invention,generally illustrated in FIG. 3W, a pair of electrodes is positioned inelectrical contact with the patient's tissue in order to provideelectrical stimulation to one or more of the muscles associated withfunctional rehabilitation of walking, cycling, and sit-to-stand are usedas a treatment for neurological disorders that afflict the lowerextremities. In addition, at least one of a pair of electrodes ispositioned in electrical contact of the area of the cranium overlyingthe brain somatosensory and motor control of the lower extremity. Inaddition, at least one of a pair of electrodes is positioned inelectrical contact of the area of the cranium overlying the brainsomatosensory and motor control of the lower extremity 135 c asillustrated in FIG. 4A. Alternatively, two pairs of electrodes may beused as illustrated in FIG. 4E (either panel) with the negativeelectrode of the first channel being placed over 135 c on FIG. 4A.

More specifically, as generally shown in FIG. 3W, a two-channel systemis used to apply electrical stimulation to muscles involved in kneeextension. In the first channel, a first electrode 18 a is positioned inelectrical contact with tissue to stimulate the rectus femoris, andvastus lateralis muscles. A second electrode 18 b is positioned iselectrical contact with the vastus medialis muscles, and in particularto stimulate a motor point of the on the vastus medialis, whichfunctions as an extensor of the knee. In the second channel, theelectrode 20 a is positioned in electrical contact with tissue tostimulate the contralateral knee extensors on the opposite side of thebody.

In this exemplary embodiment, the pulse train pattern comprises afunctional pulse train patterns having the following parameters:

Pulse Train Pattern for Walking:

Pulse duration of individual electrical pulses: 50-100 microseconds

Current amplitude of individual electrical pulses: 50-140 milliamps

Duration of first phase: 240 milliseconds

Duration of delay: 260 milliseconds

Duration of second phase: 240 milliseconds

Frequency of pulse train pattern: 1.0 hertz

Frequency of individual electrical pulses (in each phase): 50 hertz

Total treatment time: 10 minutes

Total number of treatments: 18 (over six weeks)

The timing parameters to be adjusted for the desired speed or cycles perminute. The current embodiment demonstrates timing pattern for lowerextremity walking at 1 Hz.

Pulse Train Pattern for Cycling:

Pulse duration of individual electrical pulses: 50-200 microseconds

Current amplitude of individual electrical pulses: 50-140 milliamps

Duration of first phase: 340 milliseconds

Duration of delay: 160 milliseconds

Duration of second phase: 340 milliseconds

Frequency of pulse train pattern: 1.0 hertz

Total treatment time: 10 minutes

Total number of treatments: 18 (over six weeks)

Frequency of individual electrical pulses (in each phase): 50 hertz

The timing parameters to be adjusted for the desired speed or cycles perminute. The current embodiment demonstrates timing pattern for lowerextremity cycling at 1 Hz.

Pulse Train Pattern for Sit-to-Stand:

Pulse duration of individual electrical pulses: 50-200 microseconds

Current amplitude of individual electrical pulses: 50-140 milliamps

Duration of first phase ramp: 2 seconds

Duration of first phase: 3 seconds

Frequency of pulse train pattern: 0.1 hertz

Total treatment time: 15 minutes

Total number of treatments: 18 (over six weeks)

Frequency of individual electrical pulses (in each phase): 50 hertz

The timing parameters to be adjusted for the desired speed or cycles perminute. The current embodiment demonstrates timing pattern forsit-to-stand every 10 seconds. When using sit to stand training, bothchannels are stimulated simultaneously.

In these exemplary embodiments, a continuous direct or pulsed directcurrent of approximately 1 mA with a current density of greater than0.015 ma/cm² is simultaneously applied transcranially to the brainsomatosensory and motor cortex region controlling the lower extremities135 c as illustrated in FIG. 4A. An alternative placement for brainstimulation is illustrated in FIG. 4E (either panel) using a 2 channelstimulator placed in a quadripolar arrangement with the electrode 118 abeing the positive electrode applied to the brain somatosensory andmotor cortex region controlling the lower extremities 135 c asillustrated in FIG. 4A.

It will also be appreciated that the neurological disorder treatmentmethods of the present invention may readily be adapted by configuringthe electrodes in a manner that is asymmetrical or bilateral in nature.For example, a combination of the Fifth and Seventh exemplaryembodiments may be used. It is contemplated that all of the Exemplaryembodiments may be combined in a similar manner to fit the patient'sneeds and symptoms (e.g. first embodiment for the first channel andeither the second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, or seventh embodimentsfor the second channel, and so on).

Case Study #1

This case study involved a 67 year-old female four months following astroke affecting the left side of her body. She was unable to move herleft hand at all voluntarily and required considerable effort by thetherapy staff to move her fingers passively. After stretching, her handmoved rapidly back into full flexion of the fingers and thumb. The thumbhad developed a flexion contracture. She had no voluntary supination andmaintained the wrist at about 45 degrees of pronation. She had undergonethree weeks of daily in-patient therapy beginning one week after thestroke and twice weekly outpatient therapy which involved stretching andfacilitation techniques without success for the three months before thistreatment program.

The patient was first treated with a transcranial constant directcurrent stimulator with the positive electrode (30 cm²) was positionedto the right scalp overlying the brain somatosensory and motor regionfor the hand and upper extremity. The negative electrode (22 cm²) waspositioned over the left shoulder muscle as a neutral location. Afterapplying transcranial direct current stimulation for ten minutes at 1.0mA of constant direct current, the peripheral stimulation program beganas described below.

During the patient experienced a very slight tingling sensation underboth the positive and negative electrodes of the transcranialstimulator. No adverse effects were noted. The total treatment time forthe transcranial stimulation was about 30 minutes.

After about 10 minutes, the patient was treated with Omnistim® FX²electrical stimulation with a therapy protocol described as the “upperextremity tri-phasic” with channel A negative (2″×4″) electrode appliedto the forearm flexors and the positive (2″×4″) electrode applied to thehand intrinsics. Channel B applied to the forearm wrist and fingerextensors with the negative (2″×4″) electrode applied to the proximalforearm muscles and the positive (2″×4″) electrode applied to the distalforearm muscles. Electrode placements and protocol follow description isthe twelfth exemplary embodiment.

The intensity of the peripheral stimulation was increased to createminimal twitch muscle contractions with visible activation and minimalfinger and wrist movement. The pulse train timing pattern comprises atriphasic overlapping pulse train pattern having the followingparameters:

Phases one and three are applied through channel A

Phase two is applied through channel B

Pulse duration of individual electrical pulses: 50 microseconds

Current amplitude of individual electrical pulses: 60-90 milliamps

Duration of first phase: 100 milliseconds (5 pulses per train)

Duration of overlap: 20 milliseconds (1 pulse)

Duration of second phase: 100 milliseconds (5 pulses per train)

Duration of third phase: 60 milliseconds (5 pulses per train)

Duration of overlap of third phase over second phase: 20 milliseconds (1pulse)

Frequency of pulse train pattern: 1.5 seconds (0.67 Hz)

Total treatment time: 20 minutes for the peripheral stimulation

Frequency of individual electrical pulses (in each phase): 50 hertz

Following the combination of the transcranial direct current stimulationand the peripheral patterned stimulation, the patient stated that herhand felt somewhat more “normal,” especially in the ulnar distribution.She was able to move her thumb through a partial flexion and extensionrange of motion of 45 degrees with voluntary effort but extension wasinhibited by muscle contracture. All four fingers demonstrated immediatefunctional improvement with voluntary movement from initial position offull flexion to extension lacking only the last 20 degrees ofmetacarpal-phalangeal (MP) joint motion and 10 degrees of proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint motion. This motion was able to be repeatedvoluntarily and was maintained with only partial loss of range ofmotion.

At follow-up in 12 weeks she was still able to extend the fingers butdeclined to minus 45 degrees of MP extension but improved PIP extensionto full range. A single repeat combination stimulation again improvedher voluntary finger extension to minus 20 degrees MP motion. Themaneuver was considerably faster taking only 1-2 seconds following thisprocedure. After the first procedure the finger extension through thesame range took 4 seconds. She was also able to supinate the forearm toneutral.

Case Study #2

The second case study involves an 81 year-old male who suffered a stroke34 years ago and who had not regained any voluntary movement of his lefthand. He had sustained a right middle cerebral artery infarct at thetime. Despite therapies, he had no voluntary return of movement to thewrist and hand. He had some shoulder and elbow motion. He was able tostretch the fingers and thumb using his right hand. He was not able togenerate even a minimal voluntary twitch of any digit of the hand.

The patient was first treated with a transcranial constant directcurrent stimulator with the positive electrode (30 cm²) was positionedto the right scalp overlying the brain motor region for the hand andupper extremity. The negative electrode (22 cm²) was positioned over theleft shoulder muscle as a neutral location. After applying transcranialdirect current stimulation for ten minutes at 1.0 mA of constant directcurrent, the peripheral stimulation program began as described below.

During the treatment, patient experienced a very slight tinglingsensation under both the positive and negative electrodes of thetranscranial stimulator. No adverse effects were noted. The totaltreatment time for the transcranial stimulation was about 30 minutes.

After about 10 minutes, the patient was treated with Omnistim® FX²electrical stimulation with a therapy protocol described as the “upperextremity tri-phasic” with channel A negative (2″×4″) electrode appliedto the forearm flexors and the positive (2″×4″) electrode applied to thehand intrinsics. Channel B applied to the forearm wrist and fingerextensors with the negative (2″×4″) electrode applied to the proximalforearm muscles and the positive (2″×4″) electrode applied to the distalforearm muscles. Electrode placements and protocol follow description isthe twelfth exemplary embodiment.

The intensity of the peripheral stimulation was increased to createminimal twitch muscle contractions with visible activation and minimalfinger and wrist movement. The pulse train timing pattern comprises atriphasic overlapping pulse train pattern having the followingparameters:

Phases one and three are applied through channel A

Phase two is applied through channel B

Pulse duration of individual electrical pulses: 50 microseconds

Current amplitude of individual electrical pulses: 60-90 milliamps

Duration of first phase: 100 milliseconds (5 pulses per train)

Duration of overlap: 20 milliseconds (1 pulse)

Duration of second phase: 100 milliseconds (5 pulses per train)

Duration of third phase: 60 milliseconds (5 pulses per train)

Duration of overlap of third phase over second phase: 20 milliseconds (1pulse)

Frequency of pulse train pattern: 1.5 seconds (0.67 Hz)

Total treatment time: 20 minutes for the peripheral stimulation

Frequency of individual electrical pulses (in each phase): 50 hertz

Following 20 minutes of neuromuscular stimulation combined with 30minutes of the transcortical direct current stimulation with thepositive placed over the right brain motor cortex approximating the handregion and the negative placed over the left side of the patient's uppershoulder, he was able to produce only most minimal but definitevoluntary minimal twitch of the thumb but not any of the other fingersand the thumb movement lasted only about 15 minutes after the firststimulation program was completed.

Following a second session of the same combined stimulation protocolfive days later, the patient was now able to produce voluntary movementof the thumb through a 45 degree range of motion and the fingersbeginning at full flexion through 60 degrees of extension with equalmotion at MP joints and the PIP joint. That was the first time he wasable to move his fingers in the last 34 years.

This improvement lasted greater than 12 weeks with continued voluntaryexercise. He also noted an improvement in the sensation of his hand.

Case Study #3

The third case example involves a 69 year-old male who sustained a leftsided cerebrovascular accident resulting in right hemiparesis about ninemonths prior to the combined stimulation treatment. He had regainedspeech and swallowing but continues to have difficulty with ambulationand arm movement despite extensive rehabilitation therapies three timesper week for the full nine months. He even had multiple sessions of thebelow noted FX2 electrical stimulation therapy without improvement.

The patient was first treated with a transcranial constant directcurrent stimulator with the positive electrode (30 cm²) was positionedto the right scalp overlying the brain motor region for the left lowerextremity. The negative electrode (22 cm²) was positioned over the leftupper trapezius muscle as a neutral location. After applyingtranscranial direct current stimulation for ten minutes at 1.0 mA ofconstant direct current, the peripheral stimulation program began asdescribed below.

The patient was treated with OMNISTIM® FX2 electrical stimulation with atherapy protocol described as the “lower extremity tri-phasic” withchannel. A negative (3″×5″) electrode applied to the anterior lateralhip musculature and the positive (3″×59″) electrode applied to thevastus medialis just medial and superior to the knee. Channel B appliedto posterior hip and thigh with the negative (3″×5″) electrode appliedto the gluteus maximus muscle and the positive (3″×5″) electrode appliedto the medial aspect of mid hamstring muscles and hip adductors asdescribed in the twenty-first exemplary embodiment with FIG. 3U (panel2).

The intensity of the peripheral stimulation was such to create moderatemuscle contractions that were well tolerated.

The pulse train timing pattern comprises a triphasic overlapping pulsetrain pattern having the following parameters:

Phases one and three are applied through channel A

Phase two is applied through channel B

Pulse duration of individual electrical pulses: 70 microseconds

Current amplitude of individual electrical pulses: 60-100 milliamps

Duration of first phase: 200 milliseconds

Duration of overlap: 40 milliseconds

Duration of second phase: 200 milliseconds

Duration of third phase: 120 milliseconds

Duration of overlap of third phase over second phase: 40 milliseconds

Frequency of pulse train pattern: 1.5 seconds (0.67 Hz)

Total treatment time: 20 minutes for the peripheral stimulation

Frequency of individual electrical pulses (in each phase): 50 hertzPhases one and three are applied through channel A

After the first two sessions of transcranial direct current stimulationapplied to the scalp overlying the left vertex corresponding to themotor strip region of the brain and EMG patterned electrical stimulationto the thigh and leg muscles—quadriceps, hamstrings, and gastroc—thepatient showed no significant improvement in gait. As discussed above,the positive electrode location was initially over the lower extremitymotor cortex at the left vertex but after the first two unsuccessfultreatments, it

was shifted laterally one cm posterior-laterally in an attempt todecrease the simulation to the contralateral motor cortex.

The third session was a modification of the first two in which thetranscranial application was moved one centimeter laterally away fromthe vertex and the peripheral stimulation was applied to the hip andthigh musculature as demonstrated in the twenty-first exemplaryembodiment. Following 30 minutes of transcranial DC stimulation at 1 mAwith 20 minutes of peripheral stimulation, the patient was able toagain, transfer without assistance but his gait speed improvedconsiderably. Before the third stimulation session, his shuttle walkingtook 29 seconds and repeated at 29 seconds tested 2 days prior and againjust before the stimulation. Following the stimulation he was timed at22 seconds and repeated at 22 seconds. Hip flexion and knee flexionimproved to 30 degrees and he subjectively felt better balance.

Five days later, his gait had slowed to 25 seconds. After a fourthstimulation session using the same modified system of the third session,his shuttle time improved to 20 seconds average (21 and 19 seconds). Heagain noted a subjective improvement in balance. Normal fast gait forthe same shuttle tested out to be 10 seconds. The improvement in gaitand balance continued after 5 more days.

While the present invention has been described and illustratedhereinabove with reference to several exemplary embodiments, it shouldbe understood that various modifications could be made to theseembodiments without departing from the scope of the invention.Therefore, the invention is not to be limited to the exemplaryembodiments described and illustrated hereinabove, except insofar assuch limitations are included in the following claims.

1. A method for treating a neurological disorder in a patient byelectrical stimulation, said method comprising: applying patternedneuromuscular electrical stimulation to a peripheral target body regionselected from said patient's face, neck, shoulder, trunk, arm, forearm,wrist, hand, hip, thigh, lower leg, ankle, and foot; and simultaneouslyapplying transcranial direct current stimulation to a cranial targetbody region of said patient associated with motor control of said targetbody region; wherein said step of applying patterned neuromuscularelectrical stimulation comprises: providing a first channel comprisingtwo electrodes, wherein a first electrode of said first channel ispositioned in electrical contact with tissue of a first target bodyregion of said patient and a second electrode of said first channel ispositioned in electrical contact with tissue of a second target bodyregion of said patient; providing a second channel comprising twoelectrodes, wherein a first electrode of said second channel ispositioned in electrical contact with tissue of a third target bodyregion of said patient and a second electrode of said second channel ispositioned in electrical contact with tissue of a fourth target bodyregion of said patient; and applying a series of electrical pulses tosaid first, second, third, and fourth target body regions of saidpatient through said first and second channels comprising a biphasic ortriphasic pulse train pattern in accordance with a procedure fortreating said neurological disorder; and wherein said step of applyingtranscranial direct current stimulation comprises: providing a thirdchannel comprising two electrodes, wherein a first electrode of saidthird channel is positioned in electrical contact with a first cranialtissue of said patient, and said second electrode of said third channelis positioned in electrical contact with a tissue region contralateralto said first cranial tissue of said patient or a neutral tissue; andapplying a direct electrical current to said patient through said thirdchannel in accordance with a procedure for treating said neurologicaldisorder.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein said motor control regioncomprises said patient's somatosensory and motor control region of saidtarget body region.
 3. The method of claim 1 wherein said secondelectrode of said third channel is positioned in electrical contact of atissue region contralateral to said motor control region or a neutraltissue selected from the group consisting of said patient's prefrontalcortex and said patient's shoulder.
 4. The method of claim 1 furthercomprising the step of administering a therapeutically effective amountof an agent selected from the group consisting of dopamine uptakeinhibitors, norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, selective serotoninreuptake inhibitors, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, serotonin andnoradrenaline reuptake inhibitors, norepinephrine uptake inhibitors,dopamine agonists, acetocholinesterase inhibitors, catecholO-methyltransferase inhibitors, anticholinergic agents, and antioxidantsto said patient.
 5. The method of claim 1 wherein said first electrodeof said first channel is positioned so as to stimulate a motor point ofa first masseter muscle and/or first pterygoid muscle of said patientand said second electrode of said first channel is positioned so as tostimulate a motor point of a first buccinator muscle and/or orbicularismuscle of said patient.
 6. The method of claim 5 wherein said firstelectrode of said second channel is positioned bilaterally so said firstelectrode of said second channel is positioned so as to stimulate amotor point of a second masseter muscle and/or second pterygoid muscleof said patient and said second electrode of said second channel ispositioned bilaterally so as to stimulate a motor point of a secondbuccinator muscle and/or orbicularis muscle of said patient.
 7. Themethod of claim 5 wherein said first electrode of said third channel ispositioned in electrical contact with a tissue of a motor control regionof the patient's facial musculature.
 8. The method of claim 7 whereinsaid second electrode of said third channel is positioned in electricalcontact of a tissue region contralateral to said motor control region ora neutral tissue selected from the group consisting of said patient'sprefrontal cortex, and said patient's shoulder.
 9. The method of claim 1wherein said first electrode of said first channel is positioned so asto stimulate the tongue or pharynx of said patient and said secondelectrode of said first channel is positioned so as to stimulate a motorpoint of a first buccinator muscle, first masseter muscle, and/ororbicularis muscle of said patient.
 10. The method of claim 9 whereinsaid first electrode of said second channel is positioned so said firstelectrode of said second channel is positioned so as to stimulate thetongue or pharynx of said patient and said second electrode of saidsecond channel is positioned bilaterally so as to stimulate a motorpoint of a second buccinator muscle, second masseter muscle, and/ororbicularis muscle of said patient.
 11. The method of claim 9 whereinsaid first electrode of said third channel is positioned in electricalcontact with a tissue of a motor control region of the patient's facialmusculature.
 12. The method of claim 10 wherein said second electrode ofsaid third channel is positioned in electrical contact of a tissueregion contralateral to said motor control region or a neutral tissueselected from the group consisting of said patient's prefrontal cortex,and said patient's shoulder.
 13. The method of claim 1 wherein saidfirst electrode of said first channel is positioned so as to stimulate afirst buccinator muscle, first masseter muscle, and/or orbicularis orismuscle of said patient and said second electrode of said first channelis positioned so as to stimulate the cervical paraspinal muscles in aposterior neck region near the C1, C2, C3, and/or C4 cervical vertebraeof said patient.
 14. The method of claim 13 wherein said first electrodeof said second channel is positioned bilaterally so as to stimulate asecond buccinator muscle, second masseter muscle, and/or orbicularisoris muscle of said patient and said second electrode of said secondchannel is positioned bilaterally so as to stimulate the cervicalparaspinal muscles in said posterior neck region near the C1, C2, C3,and/or C4 cervical vertebrae of said patient.
 15. The method of claim 13wherein said first electrode of said third channel is positioned inelectrical contact with a tissue of a motor control region of thepatient's facial musculature.
 16. The method of claim 15 wherein saidsecond electrode of said third channel is positioned in electricalcontact of a tissue region contralateral to said motor control region ora neutral tissue selected from the group consisting of said patient'sprefrontal cortex, and said patient's shoulder.
 17. The method of claim1 wherein said first electrode of said first channel is positioned so asto stimulate a motor point of a first trapezius muscle of said patientand said second electrode of said first channel is positioned so as tostimulate the cervical paraspinal muscles in a posterior neck regionnear the C1, C2, C3, and/or C4 cervical vertebrae of said patient. 18.The method of claim 17 wherein said first electrode of said secondchannel is positioned bilaterally so as to stimulate a motor point of asecond trapezius muscle of said patient and said second electrode ofsaid second channel is positioned bilaterally so as to stimulate thecervical paraspinal muscles in said posterior neck region near the C1,C2, C3, and/or C4 cervical vertebrae of said patient.
 19. The method ofclaim 17 wherein said first electrode of said third channel ispositioned in electrical contact with a tissue of a motor control regionof the patient's facial and neck musculature.
 20. The method of claim 19wherein said second electrode of said third channel is positioned inelectrical contact of a tissue region contralateral to said motorcontrol region or a neutral tissue selected from the group consisting ofsaid patient's prefrontal cortex, and said patient's shoulder.
 21. Themethod of claim 1 wherein said first electrode of said first channel ispositioned so as to stimulate the lower cervical and upper thoracicparaspinal muscles near the C6, C7, T1, T2, T3, and/or T4 cervical andthoracic vertebrae of said patient, and said second electrode of saidfirst channel is positioned so as to stimulate the cervical paraspinalmuscles in a posterior neck region near the C1, C2, C3, and/or C4cervical vertebrae of said patient; and wherein said first electrode ofsaid second channel is positioned bilaterally so as to stimulate thelower cervical and upper thoracic paraspinal muscles near the C6, C7,T1, T2, T3, and/or T4 cervical and thoracic vertebrae of said patientand said second electrode of said second channel is positionedbilaterally so as to stimulate the cervical paraspinal muscles in saidposterior neck region near the C1, C2, C3, and/or C4 cervical vertebraeof said patient; and wherein said first electrode of said third channelis positioned in electrical contact with a tissue of a motor controlregion of the neck musculature.
 22. The method of claim 21 wherein saidsecond electrode of said third channel is positioned in electricalcontact of a tissue region contralateral to said motor control region ora neutral tissue selected from the group consisting of said patient'sprefrontal cortex, and said patient's shoulder.
 23. The method of claim1 wherein said first electrode of said first channel is positioned so asto stimulate the thoracic paraspinal muscles near the T3, T4, T5, T6,T7, T8, and/or T9 thoracic vertebrae of said patient, and said secondelectrode of said first channel is positioned so as to stimulate thelower cervical and upper thoracic paraspinal muscles near the C7, T1,T2, T3, and/or T4 cervical and thoracic vertebrae of said patient; andwherein said first electrode of said second channel is positionedbilaterally so as to stimulate the thoracic paraspinal muscles near theT3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, and/or T9 thoracic vertebrae of said patient andsaid second electrode of said second channel is positioned bilaterallyso as to stimulate the lower cervical and upper thoracic paraspinalmuscles near the C7, T1, T2, T3, and/or T4 cervical and thoracicvertebrae of said patient; and wherein said first electrode of saidthird channel is positioned in electrical contact with a tissue of amotor control region of the mid-back and trunk musculature.
 24. Themethod of claim 23 wherein said second electrode of said third channelis positioned in electrical contact of a tissue region contralateral tosaid motor control region or a neutral tissue selected from the groupconsisting of said patient's prefrontal cortex, and said patient'sshoulder.
 25. The method of claim 1 wherein said first electrode of saidfirst channel is positioned so as to stimulate the lumbar paraspinalmuscles near the L1, L2, L3, L4, and/or L5 lumbar vertebrae of saidpatient and said second electrode of said first channel is positioned soas to stimulate the anterior abdominal muscles of the patient; andwherein said first electrode of said second channel is positionedbilaterally so as to stimulate the lumbar paraspinal muscles near theL1, L2, L3, L4, and/or L5 lumbar vertebrae of said patient and saidsecond electrode of said second channel is positioned bilaterally so asto stimulate the anterior abdominal muscles of the patient; and whereinsaid first electrode of said third channel is positioned in electricalcontact with a tissue of a motor control region of the trunkmusculature.
 26. The method of claim 25 wherein said second electrode ofsaid third channel is positioned in electrical contact of a tissueregion contralateral to said motor control region or a neutral tissueselected from the group consisting of said patient's prefrontal cortex,and said patient's shoulder.
 27. The method of claim 1 wherein a thirdelectrode of said first channel is positioned in electrical contact of atissue of a fifth target body region of said patient; and wherein afourth electrode of said first channel is positioned in electricalcontact of a sixth target body region of said patient; providing asecond channel comprising four electrodes, wherein third electrode ofsaid second channel is positioned in electrical contact of a tissue of aseventh target body region of said patient; and a fourth electrode ofsaid second channel is positioned in electrical contact of an eighthtarget body region of said patient.
 28. The method of claim 27 whereinsaid first electrode of said first channel is positioned so as tostimulate the lumbar paraspinal muscles near the L1, L2, L3, L4, and/orL5 lumbar vertebrae of said patient; said second electrode of said firstchannel is positioned so as to stimulate the paraspinal muscles near theT9, T10, T11, T12, L1, L2, and/or L3 lumbar vertebrae; said thirdelectrode and said fourth electrode of said first channel are positionedon the anterior abdominal muscles at the same vertebral level of thepatient as the first and second electrodes of said first channel; andwherein said first electrode of said third channel is positioned inelectrical contact with a tissue of a motor control region of the lumbarand abdominal musculature.
 29. The method of claim 28 wherein saidsecond electrode of said third channel is positioned in electricalcontact of a tissue region contralateral to said motor control region ora neutral tissue selected from the group consisting of said patient'sprefrontal cortex, and said patient's shoulder.
 30. The method of claim29 wherein said first electrode of said second channel is positionedbilaterally so as to stimulate the lumbar paraspinal muscles near theL1, L2, L3, L4, and/or L5 lumbar vertebrae of said patient; said secondelectrode of said second channel is positioned so as to stimulate theparaspinal muscles near the T9, T10, T11, T12, L1, L2, and/or L3 lumbarvertebrae; said third electrode and said fourth electrode of said secondchannel are positioned on the anterior abdominal muscles at the samevertebral level of the patient as the first and second electrodes ofsaid first channel.
 31. The method of claim 1 wherein said first andsecond electrode of said first channel are positioned so as to stimulatea biceps brachii muscle of an arm of said patient and said first andsecond electrodes of said second channel are positioned so as tostimulate a triceps brachii muscle of said arm of said patient.
 32. Themethod of claim 31 wherein said step of applying transcranial directcurrent stimulation comprises: providing a third channel comprising twoelectrodes, wherein a first electrode of said third channel ispositioned in electrical contact with a motor control region of thepatient's arm musculature, and said second electrode of said thirdchannel is positioned in electrical contact with a tissue regioncontralateral to said motor control region or a neutral tissue of saidpatient; and applying a direct electrical current to said patientthrough said third channel in accordance with a procedure for treatingsaid neurological disorder.
 33. The method of claim 1 wherein said firsttarget body region and said second target body region are musclesassociated with internal rotation of said patient's shoulder, andwherein said third target body region and said fourth target body regionmuscles associated with external rotation of said shoulder.
 34. Themethod of claim 1 wherein said first electrode of said first channel ispositioned so as to stimulate a posterior triceps brachii muscle of anarm of said patient and said second electrode of said first channel ispositioned so as to stimulate a posterior deltoid muscle and/orinfraspinatus teres minor muscle of said patient.
 35. The method ofclaim 34 wherein said first electrode of said second channel ispositioned so as to stimulate the anterior biceps brachii muscle of saidarm of said patient and said second electrode of said second channel ispositioned so as to stimulate the anterior deltoid muscle and pectoralismajor muscle of said patient.
 36. The method of claim 35 wherein saidstep of applying transcranial direct current stimulation comprises: saidfirst electrode of said third channel is positioned in electricalcontact with a motor control region of the patient's upper arm andshoulder musculature, and said second electrode of said third channel ispositioned in electrical contact with a tissue region contralateral tosaid motor control region or with a neutral tissue of said patient; andapplying a direct electrical current to said patient through said thirdchannel in accordance with a procedure for treating said neurologicaldisorder.
 37. The method of claim 1 wherein said first electrode of saidfirst channel is positioned so as to stimulate a motor point of a bicepsbrachii muscle of an arm of said patient and said second electrode ofsaid first channel is positioned so as to stimulate a motor point of ananterior deltoid muscle of the patient; and wherein said first electrodeof said second channel is positioned so as to simulate a triceps brachiimuscle of said arm of said patient and said second electrode of saidsecond channel is positioned so as to stimulate the posterior deltoidmuscle of the patient; and wherein said first electrode of said thirdchannel is positioned in electrical contact with a tissue of a motorcontrol region of the shoulder and arm musculature of said patient. 38.The method of claim 1 wherein said first electrode of said first channelis positioned so as to stimulate the flexor hand intrinsic muscles of ahand of said patient, and said second electrode of said first channel ispositioned so as to stimulate the flexor muscles of a wrist of saidpatient; and wherein said first electrode of said second channel ispositioned so as to stimulate the extensor hand intrinsic muscles ofsaid hand of said patient, and second electrode of said second channelis positioned so as to stimulate the extensor muscles of said wrist ofsaid patient; and wherein said first electrode of said third channel ispositioned in electrical contact with a tissue of a motor control regionof the upper extremities musculature.
 39. The method of claim 38 whereinsaid second electrode of said third channel is positioned in electricalcontact of a tissue region contralateral to said motor control region ora neutral tissue selected from the group consisting of said patient'sprefrontal cortex, and said patient's shoulder.
 40. The method of claim1 wherein said first electrode of said first channel is positioned so asto stimulate a flexor hand intrinsic muscle of a hand of said patient,and said second electrode of said first channel is positioned so as tostimulate a biceps brachii muscle of an arm of said patient; and whereinsaid first electrode of said second channel is positioned so as tostimulate an extensor forearm muscles of said arm of said patient, andsecond electrode of said second channel is positioned so as to stimulatea triceps brachii muscle of said arm of said patient; and wherein saidfirst electrode of said third channel is positioned in electricalcontact with a tissue of a motor control region of the upper extremitiesmusculature.
 41. The method of claim 1 wherein said first and secondelectrodes of said first channel are positioned so as to stimulate afirst triceps brachii muscle of said patient; and wherein said first andsecond electrodes of said second channel are positioned so as tosimulate a second triceps brachii muscle of said patient; and whereinsaid first electrode of said third channel is positioned in electricalcontact with a tissue of a motor control region of the upper extremitiesmusculature.
 42. The method of claim 1 wherein said first electrode ofsaid first channel is positioned so as to stimulate an upper portion ofa trapezius muscle of said patient and said second electrode of saidfirst channel is positioned so as to stimulate a middle portion of saidtrapezius muscle of said patient; and wherein said first electrode ofsaid second channel is positioned so as to stimulate a serratus anteriormuscle of said patient and said second electrode of said second channelis positioned so as to stimulate a lower portion of said trapeziusmuscle of said patient.
 43. The method of claim 42 wherein said step ofapplying transcranial direct current stimulation comprises: wherein saidfirst electrode of said third channel is positioned in electricalcontact with a motor control region of the patient's upper extremities,and said second electrode of said third channel is positioned inelectrical contact with a tissue region contralateral to said motorcontrol region or a neutral tissue selected from the group consisting ofsaid patient's prefrontal cortex, and said patient's shoulder; andapplying a direct electrical current to said patient through said thirdchannel in accordance with a procedure for treating said neurologicaldisorder.
 44. The method of claim 1 wherein said first electrode of saidfirst channel is positioned so as to stimulate an upper trapezius musclenear the C6, C7, and/or T1 region of said patient, and said secondelectrode of said first channel is positioned so as to stimulate theposterior deltoid muscle of said patient; and wherein said firstelectrode of said second channel is positioned so as to stimulate amotor point of a proximal extensor muscle of a forearm of said patient,and second electrode of said second channel is positioned so as tostimulate a first dorsal interosseous muscle of said patient; andwherein said first electrode of said third channel is positioned inelectrical contact with a tissue of a motor control region of the upperextremities musculature.
 45. The method of claim 1 wherein said firstelectrode of said first channel is positioned so as to stimulate aquadricep muscle of said patient, and said second electrode of saidfirst channel is positioned so as to stimulate an anterior tibialismuscle of said patient; and wherein said first electrode of said secondchannel is positioned so as to stimulate a motor point of a distalperoneal muscle of said patient, and second electrode of said secondchannel is positioned so as to stimulate a dorsal muscle of the footover the first, second and/or third metatarsals of said patient; andwherein said first electrode of said third channel is positioned inelectrical contact with a tissue of a motor control region of the lowerextremities musculature.
 46. The method of claim 1 wherein said firstelectrode of said first channel is positioned so as to stimulate anextensor digitorum brevis muscle of said patient, and said secondelectrode of said first channel is positioned so as to stimulate ananterior tibialis muscle, extensor digitorum longus and/or extensorhallicus longus of said patient; and wherein said first electrode ofsaid second channel is positioned so as to stimulate an intrinsic footmuscle of said patient, and second electrode of said second channel ispositioned so as to stimulate a posterior tibialis and flexor hallicusmuscle; and wherein said first electrode of said third channel ispositioned in electrical contact with a tissue of a motor control regionof the lower extremities musculature.
 47. The method of claim 1 whereinsaid first electrode and second electrodes of said first channel arepositioned so as to stimulate a tibialis anterior muscle and optionalperoneus muscle of said patient; and wherein said first electrode andsecond electrodes of said second channel is positioned so as tostimulate a triceps surae of said patient; and wherein said firstelectrode of said third channel is positioned in electrical contact witha tissue of a motor control region of the lower extremities musculature.48. The method of claim 1 wherein said first electrode of said firstchannel is positioned so as to stimulate a tibialis anterior muscle ofsaid patient and said second electrode of said first channel ispositioned so as to stimulate a quadriceps muscle in a leg of saidpatient.
 49. The method of claim 48 wherein said first electrode of saidsecond channel is positioned so as to stimulate a triceps surae of saidpatient and said second electrode of said second channel is positionedso as to stimulate a hamstring muscle in said leg of said patient. 50.The method of claim 49 wherein said first electrode of said thirdchannel is positioned in electrical contact with a tissue of a motorcontrol region of the patient's lower extremities.
 51. The method ofclaim 50 wherein said second electrode of said third channel ispositioned in electrical contact of a tissue region contralateral tosaid motor control region or a neutral tissue selected from the groupconsisting of said patient's prefrontal cortex, and said patient'sshoulder.
 52. The method of claim 1 wherein said first electrode of saidfirst channel is positioned so as to stimulate a quadricep muscle in aleg of said patient and said second electrode of said first channel ispositioned so as to stimulate a gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, and/ortensor faciae latae muscle in said leg of said patient.
 53. The methodof claim 52 wherein said first electrode of said second channel ispositioned so as to stimulate a hamstring muscle in said leg of saidpatient and said second electrode of said second channel is positionedso as to stimulate an adductor magnus, adductor longus, adductor brevis,and/or medial hamstring muscle in said leg of said patient; and whereinsaid first electrode of said third channel is positioned in electricalcontact with a tissue of a motor control region of the patient's lowerextremities musculature.
 54. The method of claim 52 wherein said firstelectrode of said second channel is positioned so as to stimulate anadductor magnus, adductor longus, adductor brevis and/or medialhamstring muscles in said leg of said patient and said second electrodeof said second channel is positioned so as to stimulate a gluteusmaximus muscle in said leg of said patient; and wherein said firstelectrode of said third channel is positioned in electrical contact witha tissue of a motor control region of the patient's lower extremitiesmusculature.
 55. The method of claim 1 wherein said first electrode ofsaid first channel is positioned so as to stimulate a rectus femorismuscle and/or a vastus lateralis muscle in a leg of said patient, andsaid second electrode of said first channel is positioned so as tostimulate a vastus medialis muscle of said leg of said patient; andwherein said first and second electrode of said second channel arepositioned so as to stimulate a biceps femoris, semimembranosus, and/orsemitendinosus muscle in said leg of said patient; and wherein saidfirst electrode of said third channel is positioned in electricalcontact with a tissue of a motor control region of the lower extremitiesmusculature.
 56. The method of claim 1 wherein said first electrode ofsaid first channel is positioned so as to stimulate a first rectusfemoris muscle and/or a vastus lateralis muscle of said patient, andsaid second electrode of said first channel is positioned so as tostimulate a first vastus medialis muscle of said patient; and whereinsaid first and second electrode of said second channel are positionedbilaterally so as to stimulate a second rectus femoris muscle and/or avastus lateralis muscle of said patient, and said second electrode ofsaid first channel is positioned so as to stimulate a second vastusmedialis muscle of said patient; and wherein said first electrode ofsaid third channel is positioned in electrical contact with a tissue ofa motor control region of the lower extremities musculature.
 57. Themethod of claim 1 wherein said first electrode of said first channel ispositioned so as to stimulate an agonist muscle comprising a flexormuscle of the patient's fingers, and said first electrode of said secondchannel is positioned so as to simulate an antagonist muscle comprisingan extensor muscle of the patient's fingers.
 58. The method of claim 57,wherein said first electrode of said first channel is positioned so asto stimulate an agonist muscle selected from the group consisting of aflexor digitorum superficialis muscle and flexor digitorum profundusmuscle of said patient and said first electrode of said second channelis positioned so as to simulate an antagonist muscle selected from thegroup consisting of an extensor digitorum and extensor digiti mimimimuscle of said patient.
 59. The method of claim 1 wherein said firstelectrode of said first channel is positioned so as to stimulate anagonist muscle comprising a flexor muscle of the patient's wrist, andsaid first electrode of said second channel is positioned so as tosimulate an antagonist muscle comprising an extensor muscle of thepatient's wrist.
 60. The method of claim 59, wherein said firstelectrode of said first channel is positioned so as to stimulate anagonist muscle comprising a flexor carpi radialis muscle of said patientand said first electrode of said second channel is positioned so as tostimulate an antagonist muscle selected from the group consisting of anextensor carpi radialis longus muscle and extensor carpi radialis brevismuscle of said patient.
 61. The method of claim 59, wherein said firstelectrode of said first channel is positioned so as to stimulate anagonist muscle comprising flexor carpi ulnaris muscle of said patientand said first electrode of said second channel is positioned so as tostimulate an antagonist muscle comprising an extensor carpi ulnarismuscle of said patient.
 62. The method of claim 1 further comprising thestep of consciously activating said target body region by said patient.63. The method of claim 62 wherein said conscious activation comprisesperformance of a cycling exercise by said patient.
 64. The method ofclaim 1 wherein said series of electrical pulses comprises a pluralityof cycles of a biphasic sequential pulse train pattern.
 65. The methodof claim 64, wherein said biphasic sequential pulse train patterncomprises a first phase of electrical pulses applied to said firstchannel and a second phase of electrical pulses applied to said secondchannel, wherein said second phase of electrical pulses commences aftertermination of said first phase of electrical pulses.
 66. The method ofclaim 1 wherein said series of electrical pulses comprises a pluralityof cycles of a biphasic overlapping pulse train pattern.
 67. The methodof claim 66 wherein said biphasic overlapping pulse train patterncomprises a first phase of electrical pulses applied to said firstchannel and a second phase of electrical pulses applied to said secondchannel, wherein said second phase of electrical pulses commences beforetermination of said first phase of electrical pulses.
 68. The method ofclaim 1 wherein said series of electrical pulses comprises a pluralityof cycles of a triphasic sequential pulse train pattern.
 69. The methodof claim 68, wherein said triphasic sequential pulse train patterncomprises a first phase of electrical pulses applied to said firstchannel, a second phase of electrical pulses applied to said secondchannel, and a third phase of electrical pulses applied to said firstchannel, wherein said second phase of electrical pulses commences aftertermination of said first phase of electrical pulses and wherein saidthird phase of electrical pulses commences after termination of saidsecond phase of electrical pulses.
 70. The method of claim 1 whereinsaid series of electrical pulses comprises a plurality of cycles of atriphasic overlapping pulse train pattern.
 71. The method of claim 70,wherein said triphasic overlapping pulse train pattern comprises a firstphase of electrical pulses applied to said first channel, a second phaseof electrical pulses applied to said second channel, and a third phaseof electrical pulses applied to said first channel, wherein said secondphase of electrical pulses commences before termination of said firstphase of electrical pulses and wherein said third phase of electricalpulses commences before termination of said second phase of electricalpulses.
 72. The method of claim 1 wherein said neuromuscular stimulationis applied transcutaneously to said patient.
 73. The method of claim 1wherein said neuromuscular electrical stimulation is appliedpercutaneously to said patient.
 74. The method of claim 1 wherein eachof said electrical pulses has a pulse duration of between 30microseconds and 400 microseconds.
 75. The method of claim 1 whereineach of said electrical pulses has a current amplitude of between 25milliamps and 140 milliamps.
 76. The method of claim 1 wherein said stepof applying neuromuscular stimulation comprises the step of providing achannel comprising two electrodes, wherein said first electrode ispositioned in electrical contact with a tissue of a first target bodyregion of said patient and said second electrode of said channel ispositioned in electrical contact with a tissue of a second target bodyregion; and wherein a series of electrical pulses having frequencybetween 4 Hz and 200 Hz and a current of no more than 1 milliamp isapplied to said first and second target body regions.
 77. The method ofclaim 1, wherein said transcranial direct current stimulation is appliedtranscutaneously to said patient.
 78. The method of claim 1, whereinsaid transcranial direct current stimulation comprises a continuous orpulsed direct current, with each of said electrical pulses having apulse duration of between 0.5 microseconds and 10 minutes.
 79. Themethod of claim 1, wherein said transcranial direct current stimulationhas a current of about 4 milliamp or less.
 80. The method of claim 1wherein said transcranial direct current stimulation comprises aninterferential current.
 81. The method of claim 80 wherein saidinterferential current is generated by providing a first channel havingtwo transcranial electrodes and a second channel having two transcranialelectrodes, and wherein said first electrode of said first channel ispositioned in electrical contact with said cranial target region, andsaid second electrode of said first channel is positioned in electricalcontact with said patient's forehead, neck, or shoulder on the oppositeside of the body; and wherein said first electrode of said secondchannel is positioned contralaterally to said first electrode of saidfirst channel, and said second electrode of said second channel ispositioned contralaterally to said second electrode of said firstchannel.